餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾高温干式厌氧发酵产氢技术

炊春萌1,2,张斯颖2,王娜2,刘乾静1,2,李保国1*,刘莉2,3*

1(上海理工大学 医疗器械与食品学院,上海,200093)2(中国科学院上海高等研究院,上海,201210) 3(上海有机固废生物转化工程技术研究中心,上海,200241)

摘 要 随着餐饮行业的发展,食物浪费成为一个不断被关注的问题,餐厨垃圾对公众健康和环境构成了巨大的威胁。厌氧发酵被认为是一种有前途的固体废物处理技术。研究在55 ℃条件下利用不同餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的混合比例(100∶0,80∶20,60∶40,50∶50,40∶60,20∶80和0∶100),基于挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS),评估了果蔬垃圾作为共底物的高温干厌氧发酵的产氢潜力。结果表明,当餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的比例为80∶20时,最大累积产氢量达到64.10 NmL/g VS。与单一餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾发酵相比,分别增加了169.10%和97.17%。有机物去除率达到53.03%,是单一餐厨垃圾发酵的2.04倍,是单一果蔬垃圾发酵的1.55倍。研究结果表明,在餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢过程中,与单一物料发酵相比,果蔬垃圾作为辅助基质能提高厌氧发酵的产氢量和有机物去除率。

关键词 干式高温;厌氧发酵;餐厨垃圾;果蔬垃圾;氢气

餐厨垃圾主要指日常生活中产生的厨房垃圾和餐桌残余垃圾[1]。数据表明,中国城市餐厨垃圾的年产生量约为1.1亿t[2],其中北京、上海等人口集中城市的餐厨垃圾日产生量均已超过9 000 t[3-4]。餐厨垃圾具有高水分、高油脂、高盐分、易酸败降解、产生难闻的气味和致病菌的特点[5-6]。如果不及时处理,腐烂速度非常快,产生的难闻气味和有毒有害物质不仅会造成环境污染,而且还会威胁人类健康[7-8]。因此,科学有效地处理餐厨垃圾迫在眉睫。

传统的餐厨垃圾处理方法包括干化焚烧、卫生填埋、生物饲料[9-11]、好氧堆肥[12-13]、厌氧发酵。由于餐厨垃圾的水分含量高,导致焚烧成本相对偏高,在燃烧过程中也会产生二噁英等污染物[14]。餐厨垃圾填埋不仅占用了大量填埋场的库容,而且容易破坏填埋场的环境;而好氧堆肥过程中会产生恶臭以及温室气体[15]。据联合国粮农组织估计,全球每年约33亿t的二氧化碳当量温室气体是由食物垃圾降解产生的[16]。厌氧发酵技术是近几年有机固体废弃物资源化的主流技术。发酵制氢过程具有微生物比产氢速率高、可利用的有机物范围广和工艺简单等优点,发展潜力较大,是理想的制氢方法。与干化焚化、垃圾填埋和好氧堆肥相比,厌氧发酵不仅具有较低的二次污染风险,而且产生的氢气是一种可再生且环境友好的生物燃料[17]

氢气是厌氧发酵过程中的一种产物,其燃烧的热值能够达到142.35 kJ/g[18],在化石、化工和生物燃料中最高,且氢气燃烧后的产物是水,不会对环境产生污染,因此,利用餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵制取氢气不仅能实现废弃物处理,同时还可实现氢能源的回收[19]。然而,厌氧发酵仍面临有机物转化率和氢气产率低的问题。主要原因是餐厨垃圾中的营养成分不均衡,餐厨垃圾和其他物料协同发酵有可能提高氢气产率。严零陵等[20]在37 ℃条件下,研究餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥不同质量混合比对厌氧发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥质量比为4∶1时,单位产氢量最大,为53.3 mL/g VS,总固体(total solid,TS)和挥发性固体(volatile solid,VS)的去除率分别为20.9%和13.8%。

厌氧发酵产氢效率低的另一个原因是由底物的TS含量和发酵温度决定的。厌氧发酵可分为湿式厌氧发酵(TS<15%)和干式厌氧发酵(TS>15%)[21]。目前湿式厌氧发酵工艺比较成熟而且应用广泛,但发酵产生的沼液容易产生二次污染[22]。与湿式厌氧发酵相比,干式厌氧发酵具有能耗低、沼液产生量少、沼渣含水率低和运行成本小等优势[23-24]。此外,温度也是厌氧发酵产氢的重要影响因素[25],温度会影响酶的活性,从而影响有机物的水解速度。李迎新等[26]研究不同温度和物料配比对餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾协同厌氧产氢潜力的影响。结果表明,高温55 ℃且物料配比为1∶4时累积产气量和氢气体积分数最大,分别为510 mL和52.57%。

果蔬垃圾是指菜市场残余物和果皮等,其主要特征是水分含量高、盐、油和蛋白质含量较低[27]、富含纤维素、半纤维素,其启动时间长,两者协同厌氧发酵可改善发酵底物的营养不均衡问题[26,28]。另外,餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾混合厌氧发酵可削减氨氮对微生物的抑制作用[29],提高氢气产量和有机质转化率。

为了提高厌氧发酵的有机物转化率和产气效率,本研究利用餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾混配以平衡底物营养,同时采用高温干式厌氧发酵来评估发酵性能并获得最佳混合比例。

1 材料与方法

1.1 底物和接种物

餐厨垃圾来自中国科学院上海高等研究院食堂;果蔬垃圾来自上海农产品批发市场。收集到的各物料混合均匀后进行粉碎。为了增加共发酵底物的TS含量,将磨碎的果蔬垃圾过滤去除滤液。接种物取自上海黎明资源再利用有限公司的高温干式厌氧发酵罐,工作温度为55 ℃。实验开始前,将接种物置于55 ℃条件下,使接种物中的有机物完全消耗直到不产气为止。表1列出了每种实验材料和接种物的理化特性。

表1 餐厨垃圾、果蔬垃圾及接种物的理化性质

Table 1 Characteristics of food waste,fruit and vegetable waste and inoculum

理化性质餐厨垃圾果蔬垃圾接种物总固体(TS)/%28.8315.493.45挥发性固体(VS)/%24.3312.772.15总有机碳/(%TS)39.6730.6329.29总氮/(%TS)2.031.534.36碳/氮(C/N)19.5420.026.72pH5.515.288.47可溶性盐/(%TS)7.682.831.18纤维素/(%TS)7.5210.30-半纤维素/(%TS)4.526.31-木质素/(%TS)3.343.67-粗脂肪/(%TS)30.663.77-粗蛋白/(%TS)12.699.56-

1.2 试验装置

实验室批式试验是在全自动甲烷潜力仪AMPTS Ⅱ(Bioprocess,瑞典)中进行。该装置主要由4部分组成:发酵单元;CO2吸收单元;气体体积测量单元;数字化在线监测单元。

1.3 方法

1.3.1 实验方法

发酵瓶的有效反应体积为400 mL,物料质量比例以VS作为基准分别为100∶0、80∶20、60∶40、50∶50、40∶60、20∶80和 0∶100,使每个发酵瓶的有机负荷为161.80 g VS/L,用去离子水补充反应体积至 400 mL,具体质量比及特性见表2。试验开始前,向发酵瓶内冲入氮气5 min,以达到发酵瓶内的厌氧环境,反应温度55 ℃,搅拌转速60 r/min,发酵时间30 d。本研究中氢气的产生量基于标准温度和压力(273 K,1 atm),每个发酵组做3个平行(在2套设备中完成)。

表2 高温干式厌氧发酵中餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的不同质量比

Table 2 Mixing ratios of food waste and fruit and vegetable waste for thermophilic dry anaerobic fermentation

混配比餐厨垃圾+果蔬垃圾接种物/gC/N100∶0100%餐厨垃圾+0%果蔬垃圾8026.2680∶2080%餐厨垃圾+20%果蔬垃圾8022.5260∶4060%餐厨垃圾+40%果蔬垃圾8024.9750∶5050%餐厨垃圾+50%果蔬垃圾8024.5440∶6040%餐厨垃圾+60%果蔬垃圾8023.8720∶8020%餐厨垃圾+80%果蔬垃圾8024.800∶1000%餐厨垃圾+100%果蔬垃圾8026.16

1.3.2 分析方法

样品的TS和VS通过APHA方法测定[30]。通过比较在105 ℃下干燥前后样品质量的变化来测量TS,通过比较在550 ℃干燥前后样品质量的变化来计算VS,按公式(1)计算有机物去除率。

有机物去除率

(1)

式中:VS,发酵底物的初始VS含量;VS,发酵底物的最终VS含量。

总有机碳用TOC分析仪(Analytik jena,德国)测定。总氮通过凯氏定氮法测定。碳/氮(C/N)比通过总有机碳/总氮来计算。使用pH计(PB-10,Sartorius)测定pH值。可溶性盐根据NY/T 1121.1—1121.21中的方法[31]测定。纤维素、半纤维素和木质素根据NREL方法进行测定[32]。粗脂肪根据THIEX等[33]的方法测定。粗蛋白用凯氏定氮法测定[34]

2 结果与分析

2.1 产气分析

2.1.1 累积产氢量

基于果蔬垃圾和餐厨垃圾的特点,两者混合厌氧发酵可以减弱盐和油对微生物生长的抑制作用。餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同干式厌氧发酵过程中的累积产氢量如图1所示。

图1 餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同高温干式厌氧发酵的累积产氢量

Fig.1 Cumulative hydrogen production of the thermophilic dry anaerobic co-fermentation of food waste and fruit and vegetable waste

当餐厨垃圾作为单一底物进行干式厌氧发酵时,氢气的产生仅发生在4 d,此后几乎没有再产生气体。在干式厌氧发酵的30 d中,餐厨垃圾的累积产氢量仅达到23.82 NmL/g VS。当果蔬垃圾用作单一底物进行干式厌氧发酵时,氢气的产生仅发生在8 d,此后几乎没有气体产生,这是由于果蔬垃圾中的简单碳水化合物(例如果糖和蔗糖)使得发酵系统快速酸化,从而导致发酵失败。在干式厌氧发酵的30 d中,果蔬垃圾的累积产氢量仅达到32.51 NmL/g VS。从图1可以看出,当餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾使用不同混配比进行干式厌氧发酵时,氢气的累积产量显著增加。在30 d的干式厌氧发酵过程中,当餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的混配比为80∶20时,累积产氢量最高,为64.10 NmL/g VS。与餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾单独发酵相比,分别增长了169.10%和97.17%。

在厌氧发酵体系中,碳源和氮源是微生物生长代谢的必要元素。微生物种群的生长需要合适的C/N,过高或者过低都会影响其生长代谢,导致厌氧发酵效率的降低。厌氧发酵的最适C/N约为22。单一餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的C/N较高,分别为26.26和26.16,远高于最适C/N,故产气效率最低。结果表明,餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同干式厌氧发酵可以提高氢气的发酵效率。

2.1.2 日产氢量

餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾协同干式厌氧发酵过程中的日产氢量如图2所示。接种厌氧消化液后,各发酵组均在第1天达到了最大的日产氢量。当餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的混配比例为60∶40时,日产氢量最高,达到了31.04 NmL/g VS。与餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾单独发酵相比,分别增加了53.06%和116.76%。其次,80∶20组在第1天的最大日产氢量为27.95 NmL/g VS,接着在第8天达到第2个产气高峰4.60 NmL/g VS,在第11天达到第3个产气高峰12.45 NmL/g VS,第17天达到第4个产气高峰3.73 NmL/g VS。但是,在单一底物发酵的整个过程中,只有1个产气高峰出现。

图2 餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同高温干式厌氧发酵的日产氢量

Fig.2 Daily hydrogen production of the thermophilic dry anaerobic co-fermentation of food waste and fruit and vegetable waste

2.2 有机物变化分析

2.2.1 VS及有机物去除率的变化情况

VS和TS的去除率可以反映底物水解的效率和挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)的利用情况。餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中VS含量的变化如图3所示。80∶20组的VS含量下降幅度最大。发酵30 d后,VS从161.80降至76.00 g/L,VS含量的降低与单个餐厨垃圾或果蔬垃圾厌氧发酵相比,分别增加了103.56%和54.62%。其次是60∶40组,VS含量从161.80降至83.13 g/L,VS含量降低与单个餐厨垃圾或果蔬垃圾发酵相比,分别增加了86.57%和41.72%。与单个餐厨垃圾或果蔬垃圾发酵相比,协同发酵后的VS含量显著降低。

图3 餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同高温干式厌氧发酵中VS含量及有机物去除率

Fig.3 VS content and organic matter removal rate during thermophilic dry anaerobic co-fermentation of food waste and fruit and vegetable waste

在餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同高温干式厌氧发酵过程中,有机物去除率通过VS的减少量来计算。协同干式厌氧发酵比单一餐厨垃圾或果蔬垃圾发酵具有更高的有机物去除率。与其他各组相比,发酵30 d后,当餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的比例为80∶20时,有机物去除率最高,达到53.03%,是单一餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵有机物去除率(26.05%)的2.04倍;是单一果蔬垃圾厌氧发酵有机物去除率(34.30%)的1.55倍。

2.2.2 TS的变化情况

TS含量与VS含量的变化趋势相似,餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾干式厌氧发酵过程中TS含量的变化如图4所示。80∶20组的TS含量下降幅度最大。发酵30 d后,TS从194.30降至86.53 g/L,即原物料被降解了55.47%;其次是50∶50组,TS从190.60降至90.24 g/L,即原物料被降解了52.65%。

图4 餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同高温干式厌氧发酵的TS变化情况

Fig.4 TS content during thermophilic dry anaerobic co-fermentation of food waste and fruit and vegetable waste

3 结论

在餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾协同高温干式厌氧发酵过程中,当餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾的比例为80∶20时,累积产氢量最高,达到64.10 NmL/g VS。与单一餐厨垃圾和果蔬垃圾发酵相比,分别增长了169.10%和97.17%。有机物去除率可达到53.03%,是单一餐厨垃圾有机物去除率(26.05%)的2.04倍,是单一果蔬垃圾有机物去除率(34.30%)的1.55倍。这表明,利用果蔬垃圾作为餐厨垃圾高温干式厌氧发酵的辅助基质是一种很有前途的氢气生产技术,与单一底物发酵相比,协同发酵在提高氢气产量和有机物去除率方面具有更大的潜力。

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Hydrogen production by thermophilic dry anaerobic fermentation of food waste and fruit and vegetable waste

CHUI Chunmeng1,2,ZHANG Siying2,WANG Na2,LIU Qianjing1,2,LI Baoguo1*,LIU Li2,3*

1(School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering,University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,Shanghai,200093,China) 2(Shanghai Advanced Research Institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai,201210,China) 3(Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste,Shanghai,200241,China)

ABSTRACT With the development of the catering industry, kitchen waste has become a constant concern, and kitchen waste poses a huge threat to public health and the environment.Anaerobic fermentation is considered a promising solid waste treatment technology.This study used different mixing ratios of kitchen waste and fruit and vegetable waste,100∶0, 80∶20, 60∶40, 50∶50, 40∶60, 20∶80, and 0∶100, based on volatile solid(VS)at 55 ℃, evaluated the hydrogen production potential of thermophilic dry anaerobic fermentation with fruit and vegetable waste as a co-substrate.The results showed that when the proportion of kitchen waste and fruit and vegetable waste was 80∶20, the maximum cumulative hydrogen production reached 64.10 NmL/g VS.It had increased by 169.10% and 97.17%, respectively, compared to that of single kitchen waste and fruit and vegetable waste fermentation; the organic matter removal rate reached 53.03%, which was 2.04 times of single kitchen waste, and 1.55 times of single fruit and vegetable waste fermentation.The research results showed that in the process of anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste for hydrogen production, compared with single-material fermentation, fruit and vegetable waste as an auxiliary substrate could increase the hydrogen production and organic matter removal rate of anaerobic fermentation.

Key words dry thermophilic; anaerobic fermentation; food waste; fruit and vegetable waste; hydrogen

DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.025806

引用格式:炊春萌,张斯颖,王娜,等.餐厨垃圾与果蔬垃圾高温干式厌氧发酵产氢技术[J].食品与发酵工业,2021,47(13):240-245.CHUI Chunmeng,ZHANG Siying,WANG Na,et al.Hydrogen production by thermophilic dry anaerobic fermentation of food waste and fruit and vegetable waste[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2021,47(13):240-245.

第一作者:硕士研究生(李保国教授和刘莉副研究员为共同通讯作者,E-mail:lbaoguo@126.com;liul@sari.ac.cn)

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC1901000);上海有机固废生物转化工程技术研究中心开放课题(SERC2020A03)

收稿日期:2020-10-04,改回日期:2020-11-30