银杏肽对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

郑义1,2*,李诗颖1,糜心怡1,陈琳1,李闯1,梁一凡1

1(徐州工程学院 食品与生物工程学院,江苏 徐州,221018) 2(江苏省食品资源开发与质量安全重点建设实验室,江苏 徐州,221018)

摘 要 摄入生物活性肽,可缓解酒精代谢诱导的氧化应激和炎性损伤,因此被认为是一种有效的辅助治疗急性酒精性肝损伤的策略。基于急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型考察了银杏肽(Ginkgo biloba peptides, GBP)的肝保护作用。将雄性昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、GBP低剂量(50 mg/kg)、GBP中剂量(100 mg/kg)、GBP高剂量组(200 mg/kg)和阳性对照组(100 mg/kg还原型谷胱甘肽),通过灌胃酒精建立急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型,测定小鼠血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平,肝脏过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)和总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase, T-SOD)活性,肝脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和蛋白质羰基(protein carbonyl group, PCG)水平。结果表明,GBP能降低酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清中ALT、AST、TG和TC水平,抑制促炎细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平,提高肝脏CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD活性,降低肝脏MDA和PCG水平。GBP通过抗氧化和抗炎途径发挥其对酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。

关键词 银杏肽;急性酒精性肝损伤;肝保护;抗氧化;抗炎

食源性生物活性肽被认为是新一代的生物活性调节剂[1],主要来源于动物蛋白和植物蛋白。食源性生物活性肽不仅具有易消化吸收、安全性高的特点,还具有抗氧化、抗疲劳、抗炎、抗菌、调节免疫、降血压、降血脂和抗肿瘤等广泛的生理功能,是极具开发利用潜力的功能因子[2-3]。活性肽的制备方法主要有化学合成法、微生物发酵法和蛋白酶解法等,其中最常使用的是蛋白酶解法,已应用于数百种食源性生物活性肽的制备[4-5]

银杏(Ginkgo biloba)又名白果,是卫计委认定的药食同源物质,具有敛肺气、定喘嗽等功效。银杏营养成分丰富,干制品中蛋白质、碳水化合物含量分别为13.2%和72.6%[6];清蛋白和球蛋白为银杏蛋白的主要组分,银杏蛋白氨基酸组成合理,为优质植物蛋白[7],具有抗氧化[8]、抗衰老[9]、抗菌[10]、免疫调节[11]和抗肿瘤[12]等作用。目前已有基于控制酶解技术制备银杏肽(Ginkgo biloba peptides, GBP)的研究报道,贾韶千等[13]以总还原力为指标,优化了碱性蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶双酶法制备银杏抗氧化肽的酶解工艺;张焕新等[14]采用Alcalase蛋白酶和超滤法制备得到了具有较好清除和·OH作用的低相对分子质量的GBP;张灿等[15]利用木瓜蛋白酶水解银杏蛋白,制备得到了具有较好α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的GBP;MA等[16]采用碱性蛋白酶水解银杏蛋白,利用超滤和葡聚糖凝胶层析纯化酶解产物,得到了3种具有降压活性的GBP。上述研究结果表明银杏蛋白源生物活性肽具有良好的开发利用前景。

酒精性肝损伤是临床上最常见的肝病之一,从单纯性肝脂肪变性可进展为肝纤维化和肝硬化,酒精性肝硬化的死亡率占肝硬化死亡率的46.7%[17]。我国酒精性肝损伤的发病率逐年升高,由2000年的2.27%增加到2015年的8.74%,据估计,发病率将不断升高[18]。酒精性肝损伤的发病机制较为复杂,目前尚未完全阐明,但氧化应激和炎性损伤被普遍认为在该病的发生和进展中具有关键作用[19-20]。摄入生物活性肽,拮抗酒精代谢诱导的氧化应激和炎性损伤,被认为是一种有效的辅助治疗酒精性肝损伤的策略。动物实验表明,玉米肽[21-22]、海洋胶原蛋白肽[23]和核桃低聚肽[24]等生物活性肽对酒精性肝损伤都有较好的保护作用。目前有关GBP对酒精性肝损伤保护作用的研究未见报道。

本研究建立急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠模型,基于氨基转移酶、血脂、促炎细胞因子、抗氧化酶和氧化损伤产物水平等生理生化指标,评价GBP对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,旨在为GBP的开发利用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料与仪器

银杏采自江苏省邳州市;雄性昆明小鼠(20±2)g购自济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司,生产许可证号SCXY (鲁) 20190003。

碱性蛋白酶(2.25×105 U/g),丹麦诺维信公司;丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α,肝脏过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase, T-SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)和蛋白质羰基(protein carbonyl group, PCG)试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所;还原型谷胱甘肽片(国药准字H20050667),重庆药友制药有限责任公司;其他试剂均为国产分析纯。

FA2104 N电子分析天平、723C可见分光光度计,上海精密科学仪器有限公司;BILON92-IID超声波细胞破碎仪,上海比朗仪器有限公司;LGJ-18A冷冻干燥机,北京四环科学仪器厂;TGL-16G型台式离心机,上海安亭科学仪器厂;SHZ-D(Ш)循环水式真空泵,郑州长城科工贸有限公司。

1.2 实验方法

1.2.1 银杏蛋白的制备

银杏去壳后,60 ℃下烘干,粉碎过60目筛,石油醚脱脂,得到脱脂银杏粉。采用超声辅助碱提酸沉法制备银杏蛋白。按液料比20∶1(mL∶g)将脱脂银杏粉与去离子水混合,调节pH至10.0,超声功率200 W,提取温度50 ℃,提取时间40 min。提取结束后,以3 500 r/min离心20 min,收集上清液,调节pH至银杏蛋白的等电点4.4,4 500 r/min离心20 min,将所得沉淀透析(截留相对分子质量3.5 kDa)72 h,浓缩,冷冻干燥,得到银杏蛋白,考马斯亮蓝法测得纯度为84.63%。

1.2.2 银杏肽的制备

按液料比15∶1(mL∶g)将银杏蛋白与去离子水配成悬液,沸水浴10 min灭内源性酶;调节pH至8.5,加入4 000 U/g碱性蛋白酶,50 ℃振荡酶解,期间不断补加NaOH溶液,使pH恒定,待水解度至25%时终止反应;酶解后调节pH至7.0,沸水浴5 min灭酶,8 000 r/min离心20 min,将上清液冷冻干燥后得到银杏肽。水解度的测定采用甲醛滴定法[25]

1.2.3 动物分组与处理

该研究遵循的程序符合本院实验动物伦理委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准。60只雄性昆明小鼠经适应性饲养后,随机分为6组:正常组、模型组、3组GBP组和阳性对照组。低、中和高剂量GBP组分别灌胃GBP 50、100和200 mg/kg,连续21 d。阳性对照组每天灌胃100 mg/kg还原型谷胱甘肽;正常组和模型组每天灌胃等量去离子水。第22天,除正常组外,其余组小鼠每隔12 h灌胃体积分数50%酒精(12 mL/kg),连续3次[26-28]。末次灌胃12 h后,颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠,无菌摘取肝脏和脾脏,称量小鼠体质量和脏器质量,根据脏器质量与体质量比,计算脏器系数。

1.2.4 血清生理生化指标测定

小鼠眼眶后静脉丛采血,37 ℃水浴1 h,3 500 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液即为血清,按照试剂盒说明书测定ALT、AST、TG、TC、IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平。

1.2.5 肝脏抗氧化酶与氧化损伤产物水平测定

取肝脏,置于玻璃组织匀浆器,加入一定体积的生理盐水,制备质量浓度100 g/L组织匀浆,3 500 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,按照试剂盒说明书测定CAT、GSH-Px、T-SOD、MDA和PCG水平。

1.2.6 数据处理与统计分析

采用SPSS 24.0软件进行数据统计与分析,结果以平均值±标准差表示,组间多重比较采用Duncan法。

2 结果与分析

2.1 对小鼠脏器系数的影响

肝脏系数和脾脏系数可反映肝脾肿大的程度,而肝脾肿大是酒精性肝损伤临床上常见的症状[29]。由图1可知,模型组小鼠血清肝脏系数和脾脏系数显著高于正常组(P<0.05),提示酒精暴露造成了小鼠肝脾肿大。与模型组相比,GBP组小鼠肝脏系数和脾脏系数显著下降(P<0.05),中剂量GBP组脾脏系数以及高剂量GBP组肝脏系数和脾脏系数恢复至正常组水平(P>0.05),表明GBP缓解了酒精暴露导致的小鼠肝脾肿大。

图1 银杏肽对酒精性肝损伤小鼠脏器系数的影响
Fig.1 Effects of G.biloba peptides on organ index in acute alcoholic liver injury mice *P<0.05,表示与模型组比较;#P<0.05,表示与正常组比较; (n=10)(下同)

2.2 对小鼠血清氨基转移酶水平的影响

酒精既有脂溶性又有水溶性,极易造成细胞膜损伤,可改变细胞膜的结构,使细胞膜介电常数、流动性、通透性等物理性质发生变化,造成细胞膜脂质过氧化[30-31]。ALT和AST分别存在于生物体肝细胞的胞浆和线粒体中,生理状态下血清中ALT和AST水平极低;当肝细胞膜受损后,ALT和AST渗漏至血清,导致血清ALT和AST水平急剧升高,ALT和AST水平是监测肝功能是否受损的敏感标志物。

图2为GBP对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和AST水平的影响。模型组小鼠血清ALT和AST水平分别是正常组的3.8和4.7倍,2种氨基转移酶水平显著升高(P<0.05),表明酒精暴露造成了小鼠肝细胞受损,致使血清ALT和AST水平升高。

图2 银杏肽对酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清ALT和 AST水平的影响
Fig.2 Effects of G.biloba peptides on serum ALT and AST levels in acute alcoholic liver injury mice

GBP组小鼠血清ALT和AST活性显著低于模型组(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性,高剂量GBP组小鼠血清AST恢复至正常水平(P>0.05),提示GBP可缓解酒精暴露导致的小鼠肝细胞损伤。阳性对照还原型谷胱甘肽也能显著降低小鼠血清中这2种氨基转移酶的水平(P<0.05)。

2.3 对小鼠血清血脂水平的影响

脂质代谢紊乱是酒精性肝损伤的常见症状,酒精代谢过程中可诱导脂肪变性,导致脂肪沉积在肝细胞中,同时酒精可影响血脂转运,造成血清TG和TC水平异常[32]。图3为GBP对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清TG和TC水平的影响。模型组小鼠血清TG和TC水平分别是正常组的2.2和2.5倍,显著高于正常组(P<0.05),提示酒精暴露可导致脂质代谢紊乱,这与前人的研究结果一致[33-34]。给药GBP后,小鼠血清TG和TC水平显著低于模型组,表明GBP干预缓解了急性酒精暴露诱导的脂质代谢紊乱。

图3 银杏肽对酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清TG和TC水平的影响
Fig.3 Effects of G.biloba peptides on serum TG and TC levels in acute alcoholic liver injury mice

2.4 对小鼠血清炎性细胞因子水平的影响

库普弗细胞在酒精性肝损伤的进展中扮演着重要的角色,酒精暴露会刺激库普弗细胞通过MyD88介导的Toll样受体4(toll like receptor 4, TLR4)通路产生IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α等促炎细胞因子,而这些促炎细胞因子会导致脂肪变性,甚至造成肝细胞炎性损伤和凋亡,加剧急性酒精性肝损伤的进展[35-36]

图4为GBP对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平的影响。由图4可知,模型组小鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平分别是正常组的1.9、2.3和1.9倍,显著高于正常组(P<0.05),提示酒精暴露可诱导小鼠肝细胞发生炎性损伤。与模型组相比,GBP组小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平显著降低(P<0.05),且呈剂量依赖性;高剂量GBP组小鼠血清TNF-α可恢复至正常水平(P>0.05),提示GBP通过抗炎途径发挥其对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。与模型组相比,还原型谷胱甘肽也能显著降低小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平(P<0.05)。

图4 银杏肽对酒精性肝损伤小鼠血清IL-1β、IL-6和 TNF-α水平的影响
Fig.4 Effects of G.biloba peptides on serum IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α levels in acute alcoholic liver injury mice

2.5 对小鼠肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响

肝脏是机体内酒精生物转化的主要场所,也是酒精毒性作用的主要靶器官。酒精代谢过程中会产生过量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),造成机体氧化与抗氧化防御系统的失衡,从而导致氧化应激,这被认为是急性酒精性肝损伤发生与进展的重要机制之一[37]。CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD是机体抗氧化酶促防御系统的主要组分,过量的ROS可作用于CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD等抗氧化酶,使其结构和构象发生改变,导致抗氧化酶活性降低[38]

GBP对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD活性的影响如图5所示。模型组小鼠肝脏CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD活性分别比正常组降低了46.4%、32.8%和28.5%,3种抗氧化酶活性均显著低于正常组(P<0.05),提示酒精暴露致使小鼠肝脏处于氧化应激状态。给药GBP后,小鼠肝脏CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD活性显著高于模型组(P<0.05),高剂量GBP组小鼠GSH-Px和T-SOD活性恢复至正常水平(P>0.05),表明GBP通过提高抗氧化酶活性,发挥对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。

图5 银杏肽对酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏CAT、GSH-Px和 T-SOD活性的影响
Fig.5 Effects of G.biloba peptides on liver CAT, GSH-Px and T-SOD activities in acute alcoholic liver injury mice

2.6 对小鼠肝脏氧化损伤产物水平的影响

酒精代谢过程中产生的过量ROS可作用于机体内的蛋白质和脂质等生物分子,造成蛋白质和脂质的氧化损伤。MDA是脂质过氧化的终产物,PCG是蛋白质氧化损伤的产物,MDA和PCG水平是评估脂质和蛋白质氧化损伤的敏感标志物[39-40]。GBP对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏MDA和PCG水平的影响如图6所示。模型组小鼠肝脏MDA和PCG水平显著高于正常组(P<0.05),表明酒精摄入造成脂质和蛋白质氧化损伤。灌胃给药GBP后,MDA和PCG水平以剂量依赖的方式显著降低(P<0.05),提示GBP可缓解酒精暴露诱导的肝组织氧化损伤。

图6 银杏肽对酒精性肝损伤小鼠肝脏MDA和 PCG水平的影响
Fig.6 Effects of G.biloba peptides on liver MDA and PCG levels in acute alcoholic liver injury mice

3 结论

GBP对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠具有较好保护作用,能缓解酒精性肝损伤小鼠的肝脾肿大,降低小鼠血清ALT和AST活性,抑制血清TG和TC水平,下调血清IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α水平,提高肝脏CAT、GSH-Px和T-SOD活性,降低肝脏MDA和PCG水平。结果显示,GBP通过抗氧化和抗炎途径发挥其对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用,作用机制与提高机体抗氧化酶活性和抑制促炎细胞因子表达有关。

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Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba peptides on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice

ZHENG Yi1,2*,LI Shiying1,MI Xinyi1,CHEN Lin1,LI Chuang1,LIANG Yifan1

1(School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China) 2(Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou 221018, China)

ABSTRACT Intake of bioactive peptides has been proposed as an effective adjuvant therapy for acute alcoholic liver injury by ameliorating alcohol-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory damage. This paper investigated the hepatoprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba peptides (GBP) on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice. Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into six groups, including normal group, model group, GBP low-dose (50 mg/kg), GBP medium-dose (100 mg/kg), GBP high-dose group (200 mg/kg) and positive control group (100 mg/kg reduced glutathione). An acute alcoholic liver injury mice mode was established by ethanol exposure. The kits were employed to determine the levels of the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). And the levels of the liver tissue catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl group (PCG). The results showed that GBP treatment reduced the levels of ALT, AST, TG and TC, down-regulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. Besides, GBP treatment also increased the CAT, GSH-Px and T-SOD activities and decreased MDA and PCG levels. The results indicated that GBP exerted the hepatoprotective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways.

Key words Ginkgo biloba peptides; acute alcoholic liver injury; hepatoprotective; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory

DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.026566

引用格式:郑义,李诗颖,糜心怡,等.银杏肽对急性酒精性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用[J].食品与发酵工业,2021,47(21):109-114.ZHENG Yi,LI Shiying,MI Xinyi,et al.Protective effect of Ginkgo biloba peptides on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2021,47(21):109-114.

第一作者:副教授(通讯作者,E-mail:biozheng@gmail.com)

基金项目:徐州市科技项目重点研发计划(KC19122)

收稿日期:2020-12-26,改回日期:2021-06-24