基于主成分分析的木通属植物果实品质评价

杨玉宁1,4,陈松树2,高尔刚3,李园园1,4,潘秀珍1,刘红昌1,4*,辛雪辉5

1(贵州大学 农学院,贵州 贵阳,550025)2(贵州大学 教学实验场,贵州 贵阳,550025) 3(黎平林业局,贵州 黎平,557300)4(贵州省药用植物繁育与种植重点实验室,贵州 贵阳,550025)5(黎平盛竹联创木通农林发展有限公司,贵州 黎平,557300)

比较了3种木通属植物(木通、白木通、三叶木通)21份种质果实品质差异,为选育优异种质资源提供参考。分别记录21份种质的外形参数并对其进行感官评价,比较种质间外观及内在品质差异性,分析了种内品质的变异大小,并进行主成分分析。结果显示,21份种质间的各品质指标差异显著,种间及种内存在着不同程度的变异,21份种质在不同性状上各有优势。主成分分析结果显示,白木通种质较优秀,三叶木通种质有优有劣,木通虽有优秀种质,但结合感官评价来看品质较差。综合内在品质、外观品质与感官评价,白木通种质更佳,三叶木通次之,木通最差;白木通中的B2、B4、B5与三叶木通中S4、S8因其外观与内在品质较优,可作为水果食用,而B3、B6~B8虽然内、外在品质优秀,但果色略差,可考虑用于深加工产业。

关键词 木通属;主成分分析;种质果实品质

木通科(Lardizabalaceae)木通属 (Akebia Decne.) 植物为多年生缠绕木质藤本,果实俗名“八月瓜”、“黄蜡瓜”、“八月炸”、“牛滚瓜”等,该属植物主要包括木通(Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne)、白木通(Akebia trifoliatr (Thunb) Koidz.var.australis (Diels) Rehd)、三叶木通(Akebia trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz)[1-2]。木通属植物果实在民间常作为水果食用,也是一种中药材,中药名为“预知子”,具有抗癌、利尿通淋、通经下乳、抗菌消炎的功效[3-5]。木通属植物分布于亚洲东部的中国、日本、朝鲜,在我国的华北、华南北部、东南沿海以及长江流域各省市均有分布[6]。生境的多样性造就了木通属植物丰富的种质资源,在研究的3种木通中,每种下面还有丰富的变异种,尤其在果实色泽上的变异较大。目前对木通属各种质水果品质的研究甚少,本试验以木通属植物为研究材料,对各种质进行植物学形态特征鉴定和果实品质检测,从水果方向对该属植物的开发提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料与试剂

1.1.1 材料

供试材料为木通科木通属3个种的各种质果实,均采自黎平盛竹联创木通农林发展有限公司在贵州省黎平县敖市镇梧寨村建立的木通种质资源圃,经贵州大学植物鉴定中心鉴定为木通科木通属的植物木通(A.quinata (Thunb.) Decne)、三叶木通(A.trifoliate (Thunb.) Koidz)及白木通(A.trifoliatr (Thunb) Koidz.var.australis (Diels) Rehd),共计21份种质,其中木通种质5份(标记为W1~W5)、三叶木通和白木通各8份,分别标记为S1~S8和B1~B8。于2014~2015年种植,搭架栽培,株行距1.8 m×2.5 m,栽培管理措施一致。表1为木通属种质质量性状编码,21份种质外观特征及感官评价见表2。

总糖、可溶性糖、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、蛋白质、还原糖试剂盒,货号依次为:BC2715、BC0035、BC4275、BC4265、BC3185、BC0235,生产日期均在2019年9~11月,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;ICAP 7400电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪,美国Thermo Fisher公司;Hitachi L-8800氨基酸自动分析仪,日本日立公司。

1.2 实验方法

1.2.1 取样

于2019年9~10月进行取样,每份种质随机选取1株为1重复,重复3次,每株在东南西北中5个方向摘取10个果实,采摘标准为果实已软化且果皮变色(9~10分熟),每份种质共30个果实,取出果肉并于-20 ℃保存备用。

表1 木通属种质果实质量性状编码
Table 1 Coding of fruit quality traits of Akebia germplasm

编码果色果形果表粗糙程度果肉口感果肉甜味1乳白色小头形(果实头部较小)光滑清爽低2绿色长卵形(果形指数≥2.3)粗糙软糯中3粉红色长卵球形(2.0≤果形指数≤2.3)高4浅紫色卵球形(果形指数≤2.0)5紫红色大肾形(果实弯曲,果形指数≥2.0且单果质量≥200)6紫蓝色中肾形(果实弯曲,果形指数≥2.0且单果质量≥100)7紫色小肾形(果实弯曲,果形指数≤2.0或单果质量≤100)8黑紫色(果锈中等)9杂色10黄褐色(果锈少)11麻紫色(果锈中等)12褐色 (果锈多)

表2 木通属21份种质外观形态及感官评价
Table 2 Shape parameters and sensory evaluation
of 21 germplasms in Akebia Decne

种名种质小叶数量叶缘形态叶片形态果形果色果表粗糙程度果肉口感果肉甜味木通W15全缘椭圆形+披针形15113W25全缘椭圆形+倒卵形22111W35全缘椭圆形212213W45全缘椭圆形312213W55全缘椭圆形+倒卵形39112三叶木通S13波浪状椭圆形75111S23波浪状椭圆形52111S33波浪状椭圆形61123S43波浪状披针形6+15111S53波浪状椭圆形310113S63波浪状披针形65121S73波浪状椭圆形35111S83波浪状椭圆形13121白木通B13全缘椭圆形14122B23全缘椭圆形17123B33全缘椭圆形18122B43全缘椭圆形66122B53全缘椭圆形22123B63全缘椭圆形212223B73全缘椭圆形211223B83全缘椭圆形111223

1.2.2 果实外观品质测定

利用数显游标卡尺测量每份种质果实的纵径和横径,取其平均值,果形指数按公式(1)计算:

果形指数

(1)

每份种质取30个果实,称其鲜重质量,取其平均值为单果质量,果肉质量=单果质量-果皮质量-种子质量,可食率按公式(2)计算:

可食率

(2)

1.2.3 果实营养品质测定

果实含水量测定参照GB 5009.3—2010中的直接干燥法;可溶性固形物含量测定参照农业标准NY/T 2637—2014;总糖、可溶性糖、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、蛋白质、还原糖采用试剂盒测定;可滴定酸采用酸碱滴定法测定;矿质元素种类及含量采用硝酸消解灰分法[7];氨基酸种类及含量采用水解法[8];糖酸比和固酸比分别按公式(3)、(4)计算。

糖酸比

(3)

固酸比

(4)

上述检测指标均做3次生物学重复。

1.2.4 数据处理

采用Excel 2007进行数据整理,品质数据用“平均值±标准差”表示,利用SPSS 19.0的Duncan多重比较方法在0.05水平下对各评价指标进行差异显著性分析、利用皮逊尔相关性分析进行指标筛选,以及使用Z-score描述性统计对筛选的品质指标数据进行数据标准化,最后通过SPSS 19.0进行主成分分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 木通属种质果实外观品质比较

木通属不同种质间及种内果实单果质量、果形指数及可食率差异显著(表3)。从单果质量来看,三叶木通和白木通果实较大,S2、S8、B6、B8单果质量最大,均达到190 g以上,显著高于其他种质。三叶木通各种质间果实单果质量变异系数最大,为43.35%。21份种质的果形指数在1.8~2.6,白木通果形指数最大,B2、B5、B6这3份种质的果形指数均大于2.5,属于典型的长型果形,而B2果实头部较小,属于小头形的果型,S1与S7未达到2,这2份种质的果实形状接近卵球形,S1果型稍弯,接近小肾形;三叶木通各种质间果实的形状差别较大,木通各种质间的变异较小,变异系数仅为1.24%。21份种质中果肉质量差异显著,达到60 g以上的主要是三叶木通(S8)和白木通这2个种(B6、B8),种内变异最大的是三叶木通。21份种质的可食率差异显著,木通平均可食率高于其他两类,可食率在40%以上的仅S4(41.65%)和W4(41.58%)2种,三叶木通种内变异较大。综合来看,三叶木通在单果质量、果形指数、果肉质量及可食率几个方面的变异都是最大的。

表3 木通属种质间的外观品质比较
Table 3 Comparison of appearance quality of Akebia Decne

种质单果质量/g纵径/mm横径/mm果形指数果肉质量/g可食率/%W164.68±11.16j81.93±7.01ijk36.45±3.83k2.26±0.19defg22.42±4.63i34.96±5.47bcdW2102.52±24.90gh97.52±9.54efg41.62±3.02ghi2.34±0.15cdefg35.85±8.15g35.23±3.04bcW380.82±18.52hij86.35±17.34hij37.18±2.47jk2.32±0.43defg29.07±8.87ghi35.73±5.38bcW4103.82±35.20gh98.55±9.344ef43.07±3.82g2.29±0.19defg45.42±8.54ef41.58±4.88aW586.62±25.73ghij90.62±13.88fghi39.81±3.60hij2.28±0.34defg31.78±9.57gh37.07±6.24b均值87.6990.9939.632.3032.9136.91CV%16.597.016.381.2423.196.62S187.84±27.89ghij75.35±19.56k43.25±3.15g1.89±0.22jk25.84±9.97hi29.23±2.83ghiS2199.46±50.00bc118.73±15.37abc54.22±3.90b2.18±0.19fghi53.92±11.84cde27.48±3.28ijS378.04±16.12hij85.90±8.97hij39.32±2.08ijk2.18±0.20fghi22.91±4.94i29.33±1.67ghiS4110.98±22.68g101.54±9.93de42.82±2.65gh2.37±0.17cdef46.21±10.20de41.65±4.72aS594.19±19.86ghi87.20±8.42ghij42.95±2.42g2.03±0.17ij24.96±6.20hi26.38±1.91jS6171.53±39.23def117.02±11.65bc49.07±3.59def2.39±0.22bcde54.43±11.62cd31.92±2.02efgS770.57±16.58ij77.27±10.49jk41.50±2.75ghi1.83±0.20k21.24±5.90i30.45±2.41fghS8241.21±82.98a126.06±19.80ab61.34±7.93a2.04±0.28hij66.90±24.68a25.86±2.65j均值131.7398.6346.812.1139.5530.29CV%45.3518.9515.099.0742.2415.51B1112.56±35.75g92.79±25.92efgh46.40±6.79f2.16±0.29ghi37.12±8.46fg33.85±4.02cdeB2187.99±49.70bcde128.78±13.36a49.86±4.96cde2.59±0.21a55.35±15.96c29.56±4.63ghiB3164.00±42.66ef117.24±15.73bc52.71±4.22bc2.22±0.26efgh46.47±12.37de28.38±2.51hijB4161.92±36.01ef115.93±13.87bc47.63±3.00def2.44±0.26abcd52.57±12.61cde32.44±1.94defB5178.09±67.26cde120.68±25.09abc48.13±6.27def2.52±0.47abc58.28±21.41bc33.97±5.35cdeB6193.38±37.15bcd128.23±12.95a50.16±3.66cd2.56±0.22ab60.97±14.54abc31.43±3.23efgB7148.85±17.40f111.16±7.75cd46.87±2.12ef2.38±0.18bcde52.85±6.58cde35.53±1.96bcB8208.47±32.64b122.97±9.74ab53.96±6.15b2.32±0.34defg64.58±10.63ab30.83±5.09fgh均值169.41117.2249.472.4053.5232.00CV%16.519.225.196.1615.127.05

注:表内同列数字后不同英文字母表示差异达到显著水平(P≤0.05)(下同)

2.2 木通属种质果实内在品质比较

2.2.1 营养成分比较

三类木通种内的果肉含水率变异不大,变异系数在3.8%~4.4%,三叶木通种质的含水率较高,均在80%以上,其中S1的含水率最高,达到91.47%(表4)。在糖酸比一定的情况下,含水率越高,则果实的甜味越低。三叶木通种质间除S3、S5糖酸比较高外,其余较低,这也是三叶木通甜味较低的原因。不同种质间固酸比、糖酸比差异显著,由于可溶性固形物中大部分为可溶性糖,所以从总体上来看,固酸比与糖酸比呈正相关关系,21份种质可滴定酸含量差异显著但含量均较低,表明木通属植物果实口味较甜;不同种质的还原糖质量分数在45~87 mg/g,木通与三叶木通种内变异较大,且S3显著高于其余种质;不同种质的总糖质量分数差异显著,B3~B6、B8、W3~W5的总糖质量分数均达到了200 mg/g以上。21份种质的蛋白质质量分数在9~23 mg/g,B2~B3、B5~B6达到20 mg/g以上。从总淀粉来看,白木通种质平均淀粉含量较高,三叶木通种质的淀粉含量的变异最大。从支直比来看,三叶木通种内变异最大,白木通的支直比都在1以上,其中B2的支直比最大(2.11),表明白木通种质口感较软糯;W1~W5支链淀粉含量相对较低,支直比未达到1,说明木通口感较清爽,果肉较稀;三叶木通中,S1、S4、S6未检出支链淀粉,其余种质支直比较居中,表明三叶木通的淀粉值低,口感居中。

表4 木通属种质间果实营养成分比较
Table 4 Comparison of nutritional components of different varieties of Akebia Decne

种质含水率/%可溶性固物/%可溶性糖/%可滴定酸/%固酸比糖酸比还原糖/(mg·g-1)总糖/(mg·g-1)蛋白质/(mg·g-1)直链淀粉/(mg·g-1)支链淀粉/(mg·g-1)支/直比总淀粉/(mg·g-1)W183.77±0.183c19.26±0.07i12.34±0.08i0.06±0.00o309.81±1.50c198.32±1.66c62.17±0.33g165.03±0.65m15.66±0.57g13.98±0.28d5.15±0.19g0.36±0.01i19.14±0.57hW283.62±0.19c17.57±0.08l9.36±0.05r0.10±0.00f172.30±0.35k91.95±0.69t45.15±0.73l144.85±0.77o15.95±0.35fg6.50±0.19i5.15±0.18g0.79±0.04h11.65±0.33lW378.64±0.07hi20.89±0.07e11.96±0.01k0.07±0.00l276.98±1.28d158.57±0.52h75.28±0.98c218.01±0.66e14.57±0.31h10.08±0.42fg2.06±0.13kl0.20±0.02j12.15±0.89kW474.46±0.39m23.70±0.12a13.39±0.06h0.07±0.00n348.04±11.57a199.74±1.16b73.51±0.58d226.30±1.10c16.42±0.02f10.54±0.69f1.80±0.17l0.17±0.02jk12.35±0.73jW578.30±0.24ij21.09±0.03d11.78±0.05l0.07±0.00l279.69±0.48d156.20±0.58i45.80±0.92l221.69±0.64d19.58±0.33d9.88±0.11g0.81±0.04m0.08±0.01kl10.7±0.29m均值79.7620.5011.770.07277.36160.9660.38195.1816.4410.202.990.3213.20CV%4.439.9611.2718.3321.0824.3721.4917.2010.2623.3060.4278.6922.92S191.47±0.42a15.11±0.07o9.53±0.02q0.09±0.00i167.81±4.90kl104.48±1.40r59.42±1.20h125.79±0.65r13.75±0.25i----S283.74±0.05c18.15±0.11k11.49±0.07m0.10±0.00f180.77±5.28j112.65±0.97p59.29±0.52h165.58±0.50m12.54±0.37j2.17±0.01l2.16±0.04jkl0.99±0.02g4.34±0.16sS381.61±0.32e20.29±0.08f13.54±0.04g0.07±0.00l264.33±7.93e179.62±0.39f86.32±1.29a173.22±0.24j19.32±0.13d2.37±0.07l3.16±0.03i1.33±0.04de5.54±0.85pS482.34±0.43d19.49±0.11h10.61±0.04n0.09±0.00h209.55±0.65h114.01±0.16o53.04±0.89j167.23±0.54l12.02±0.15j2.15±0.11l--2.15±0.11tS581.82±0.08e19.69±0.03g13.51±0.06g0.07±0.00m277.35±0.59d189.91±0.48d78.22±0.79b172.12±0.17k14.04±0.11i4.02±0.06k4.36±0.13h1.08±0.02fg8.39±0.70oS682.32±0.22d17.62±0.08l11.55±0.03m0.13±0.00c127.90±0.60n83.79±0.18u52.19±0.64jk165.94±0.77m9.825±0.27l9.17±0.12h--9.17±0.12nS783.81±0.03c17.28±0.07m10.11±0.03p0.08±0.00j204.73±0.96h119.75±0.62n51.59±0.36k138.12±0.46p22.53±0.65a2.22±0.04l2.56±0.09ijk1.15±0.05f4.78±0.48rS880.42±0.22f18.69±0.01j13.34±0.03h0.14±0.00a129.83±2.25n93.33±0.37s56.16±0.55i159.02±0.40n17.49±0.41e5.02±0.12j8.09±0.07f1.61±0.02c13.12±0.99i均值83.4418.2911.710.10195.28124.6962.03158.3815.193.392.540.775.94CV%3.848.4612.7525.4226.6029.2219.6410.1526.0776.21102.2480.6765.71B184.47±0.32b16.10±0.05n10.43±0.03o0.04±0.00p329.48±0.96b212.99±0.28a58.55±1.20h135.93±0.72q20.52±0.43c2.07±0.12l2.77±0.30ij1.34±0.21de4.85±0.37qB279.29±0.26g20.91±0.05e14.47±0.05e0.08±0.00k262.13±0.98e181.35±0.59e70.83±0.40e185.67±0.47i21.47±0.24b6.72±0.06i14.18±0.20e2.11±0.04a20.9±0.70gB377.78±0.08k21.89±0.07c16.19±0.04a0.09±0.00g224.11±0.82g165.96±0.51g67.28±0.42f207.58±0.28f21.74±0.40b10.50±0.42f14.34±0.37e1.37±0.07de24.85±0.69fB475.35±0.17l21.12±0.06d12.17±0.06j0.08±0.00i237.51±0.72f136.74±0.68k56.38±0.27i239.65±0.24b17.93±0.11e23.55±0.24b30.46±0.77b1.29±0.02e54.01±0.31bB577.99±0.32jk21.17±0.06d15.51±0.05c0.10±0.00e198.60±1.12i145.64±0.92j72.48±0.81d200.15±0.89g21.87±0.15b12.31±0.20e17.56±0.26d1.42±0.02d29.87±0.96eB675.39±0.35l22.46±0.09b15.77±0.04b0.14±0.00b157.41±0.37m110.61±0.45q77.46±0.24b225.49±0.05c20.80±0.23c19.57±0.36c30.81±0.75b1.57±0.03c50.39±0.26cB778.87±0.15gh19.51±0.03h14.87±0.10d0.12±0.00d162.95±0.07lm123.82±0.44m55.78±0.61i187.18±0.22h12.31±0.19j12.66±0.28e21.89±0.74c1.73±0.07b34.56±0.45dB874.09±0.27m21.07±0.06d13.84±0.03f0.10±0.00f206.18±1.03h135.38±0.04l68.36±0.06f247.32±0.02a11.46±0.01k30.40±0.62a34.38±0.91a1.13±0.05f64.79±0.18a均值77.9020.5314.160.09222.30151.5665.89203.6218.5114.7220.801.5035.53CV%3.899.0213.0029.6623.5220.6411.4616.3721.6358.7948.0919.2151.91

2.2.2 矿质元素含量比较

21份种质间常量元素含量差异均显著,各元素中K质量分数最高,达到8.87 g/kg,P、Ca、Mg、Na质量分数在1.2~1.32 g/kg。各元素及元素总值(除Na外)在21份种质间的变异系数为18%~25%,Na元素的变异系数为55.12%;三叶木通与木通中变异最大的是Na,三叶木通中的平均质量分数为1.44 g/kg,木通中仅为0.22 g/kg。研究发现,人类在食物中摄入的Na过高,往往会导致高血压[9-10],因此在Na元素方面木通优于白木通和三叶木通。白木通中变异最大的是P,含量在0.75~1.62 g/kg。从大类的均值来看,三叶木通的常量元素含量最高,其中S3的常量元素含量显著高于其余20份种质,为20.61 g/kg,白木通次之(表5)。

表5 木通属种质间的常量元素含量比较 单位:g/kg

Table 5 Comparison of macroelement contents among Akebia Decne

种质PKCaMgNa总值W11.17±0.04hi6.33±0.28k1.54±0.03d1.49±0.04d0.18±0.01k10.71W21.41±0.07de9.46±0.24d1.68±0.01b1.48±0.01d0.15±0.02k14.18W31.45±0.02d6.35±0.12jk1.42±0.03e1.28±0.01g0.26±0.01k10.76W41.16±0.06hi6.10±0.20k1.06±0.04hi0.94±0.02n0.23±0.02k9.49W51.24±0.02gh6.75±0.17i1.39±0.03e1.09±0.08kl0.28±0.04k10.75均值1.297.001.421.260.2211.18CV/%9.4417.8414.5417.1822.0814.11S10.90±0.07k10.29±0.15c1.87±0.11a2.26±0.04a0.22±0.03k15.54S20.83±0.02kl8.81±0.34f1.12±0.10gh1.41±0.02e1.35±0.18j13.52S31.28±0.03fg14.52±0.12a1.64±0.05bc1.60±0.023c1.57±0.03hi20.61S41.00±0.04j6.65±0.14ij1.59±0.01cd1.17±0.01ij1.49±0.06i11.90

续表5

种质PKCaMgNa总值S50.75±0.01l9.48±0.14d1.26±0.02f1.21±0.01hi1.69±0.04efgh14.39S61.22±0.04gh11.07±0.17b1.14±0.04gh1.13±0.02jk1.83±0.06cd16.39S71.08±0.07ij9.11±0.13ef1.60±0.04bcd1.86±0.01b1.71±0.08defg15.36S81.77±0.07a10.77±0.04b1.41±0.08e1.27±0.09gh1.65±0.05fgh16.87均值1.1010.091.451.491.4415.57CV/%27.5821.0017.1524.9933.4015.54B10.75±0.03l6.65±0.19ij1.39±0.09e1.07±0.08kl1.64±0.04gh11.50B20.99±0.05j9.61±0.37d1.12±0.02gh1.31±0.02fg1.81±0.07cde14.84B31.34±0.04ef8.97±0.10f1.15±0.04g1.36±0.05ef1.78±0.15cdef14.60B41.25±0.04gh7.22±0.02h1.02±0.02i1.04±0.02lm1.63±0.04gh12.16B51.46±0.07cd8.20±0.03g0.94±0.02j0.95±0.01n1.91±0.03c13.46B61.62±0.01b9.58±0.05d1.06±0.02hi1.09±0.01kl2.06±0.08b15.41B71.58±0.06b11.03±0.14b0.71±0.02k0.97±0.01mn2.21±0.17a16.50B81.54±0.11bc9.40±0.29de0.98±0.03ij1.12±0.01jk2.19±0.07ab15.23均值1.328.831.051.111.9014.21CV%21.9015.0317.3612.4811.2811.23总均值1.238.871.291.291.3214.01总CV%23.0122.9722.3524.3155.1218.41

21份种质间微量元素含量差异显著,如表6所示,其中Mn质量分数最高(75.08 mg/kg),其次是Fe(26.95 mg/kg);各元素及元素总值(除B外)在21份种质间的变异系数为19%~29.75%,B的总变异系数为102.63%;三类木通中均是B元素的变异最大,且在三叶木通与白木通中有多份种质未检出B元素。研究发现,喷施硼肥对提高果实产量,降低果实酸度,促进外观、口感品质提升有明显作用[11],在本研究中,B元素在21份种质中变异较大,表明其对品质的影响较大。21份木通种质样品均未检出Cd与Pb(故表6未显示)。从总值与均值来看,木通的微量元素平均含量最高,白木通次之,其中B2在21份种质中总值最高(172.46 mg/kg);三叶木通的微量元素平均含量最低(表6)。

表6 木通属种质间的微量元素含量比较 单位:mg/kg

Table 6 Comparison of trace element contents among different varieties of Akebia Decne

种质CuFeMnZnBSr总值W19.37±0.20hi31.26±1.18abcd84.64±0.33g5.46±0.18efg3.42±0.08b7.66±0.56a141.81 W29.56±0.36gh38.50±0.35ab80.83±0.12i7.52±0.38ab4.26±0.22a6.54±0.33bc147.21 W38.89±0.18ij22.01±0.84bcd62.71±0.32l6.35±0.20cd1.39±0.18e5.24±0.46fgh106.59 W48.39±0.46k22.36±0.33bcd105.98±0.25c8.03±0.73a0.82±0.08f5.02±0.25gh150.60 W59.63±0.09gh25.74±0.30bcd92.69±0.32e6.46±0.41c2.77±0.54c6.32±0.39cd143.61 均值9.17 27.97 85.37 6.76 2.53 6.16 137.96 CV/%5.09 22.25 16.67 13.45 50.16 15.52 11.58 S18.54±0.05jk27.73±0.54abcd61.66±0.34m5.45±0.30efg3.93±0.11a7.01±0.66ab114.32 S29.60±0.14gh26.77±0.71abcd34.84±0.10r5.04±0.19g2.94±0.11c5.75±0.47def84.94 S314.45±0.11a36.43±0.38abc95.33±0.15d7.41±0.35b3.33±0.36b7.22±0.17a164.17 S413.39±0.39b33.93±0.77abcd82.58±0.39h7.86±0.10ab2.35±0.32d7.54±0.43a147.65 S57.38±0.14l32.72±0.81abcd45.10±0.56q5.29±0.39efg2.23±0.25d5.63±0.62efg98.35 S610.37±0.26ef25.79±1.01bcd59.79±0.50o6.59±0.32c-3.22±0.19k105.76 S79.27±0.39hi26.72±1.14abcd60.38±0.87no5.71±0.08ef0.44±0.05g5.71±0.19def108.23 S89.73±0.13gh23.72±1.04bcd71.28±0.94j6.69±0.39c-6.16±0.57cde117.58 均值10.34 29.23 63.87 6.26 1.90 6.03 117.63 CV/%21.69 14.46 28.35 15.55 76.42 21.07 20.71 B113.43±0.78b28.01±0.72abcd61.01±0.56mn5.25±0.33fg0.69±0.27fg5.86±0.24def114.25 B27.32±0.224l32.04±1.02abcd120.13±0.97a5.47±0.03efg0.36±0.04g7.14±0.65ab172.46 B310.71±0.22de23.50±0.66bcd89.63±1.04f6.61±0.31c0.55±0.22fg6.13±0.13cde137.13 B49.98±0.33fg14.77±0.53d109.87±0.29b3.78±0.37h-6.00±0.42cde144.40

续表6

种质CuFeMnZnBSr总值B514.81±0.11a15.64±0.89d84.86±0.54g3.72±0.32h-5.56±0.13efg124.59 B612.46±0.19c17.75±0.75cd65.32±1.09k5.55±0.42efg0.37±0.02g4.71±0.32hi106.16B713.48±0.37b46.74±57.42a59.50±0.45o5.13±0.21g-4.27±0.27ij129.12 B811.11±0.05d13.72±1.08d48.49±0.20p5.84±0.32de-3.77±0.21jk82.93 均值11.66 24.02 79.85 5.17 0.25 5.43 126.38 CV/%19.14 44.10 30.06 17.84 107.44 19.05 19.82总均值10.57 26.95 75.08 5.96 1.42 5.83 125.80总CV/%20.7529.7529.0119.18102.6319.8719.25

注:“-”为未检出(下同)

2.2.3 氨基酸含量比较

木通属不同种质间的氨基酸种类并不齐全,其中Asp、Thr、Cys、Iie在21份种质样品中均未检测出,Ala和Lys在21份种质中均有检测出(表7)。16种氨基酸中平均含量最高的是Arg,最低的是Phe,且仅在S8中有检出,因此在21份种质中的变异系数也最大。三类木通果肉中游离氨基酸含量与种类的变异较大,三叶木通与木通的游离氨基酸含量较高的均是Arg与Lys,而在白木通中Arg的平均质量分数仅为0.56 mg/g。21份木通种质总氨基酸(T)质量分数在2.88~19.70 mg/g,最高为S8,最低为B3;必需氨基酸(E)质量分数在1.56~2.88 mg/g,最低为B1,最高为S5;非必需氨基酸(N)质量分数在0.92~17.50 mg/g,最高为S8,最低为B3;药效氨基酸(M)质量分数在2.19~18.09 mg/g,最高为S8,最低为B3;甜味氨基酸(S)质量分数在0.71~2.65 mg/g,最低为S8,最高为W2;鲜味氨基酸(F)在W3和B1两份种质中均未检出,在其余种质中的质量分数在0.26~1.64 mg/g;芳香氨基酸(A)在W4、S1、S3~S4、B3中均未检出,在S8中最高(2.46 mg/g),在其余种质中的含量无太大差异,在0.18~0.57 mg/g。T、N、M、F、A这几类氨基酸在种间及种内的变异都较大,表明种质的不同对氨基酸的种类及含量影响较大。

2.3 木通属不同种质间果实品质的主成分分析

2.3.1 指标筛选与数据正向化和标准化

进行综合评价必须剔除评价指标间信息重复,避免结果出现偏差,遂筛选出含水率、单果质量、果形指数、果肉质量、可食率、固酸比、糖酸比、总糖、还原糖、蛋白质、支直比、总淀粉这12个相对独立的指标,以及总变异系数较大的Na与B(变异系数较大表明这2种元素对种间品质影响较大)含量;在表6中,T~A几种类型的氨基酸分别由不同的游离氨基酸组成,除E、S两类氨基酸外,T、N、M、F、A这五类氨基酸的变异系数均达到50%以上,因指标相对较多,还需对其进行皮逊尔相关性分析,结果如表8所示,F与其余几类氨基酸不相关,T、N、M、A四类氨基酸呈极显著相关,评价时可选用其中一个指标代表,而A的总变异系数达到140%左右,所以筛选出的氨基酸指标为:F与A。将负向指标正向化后,为避免各指标量纲影响,需通过SPSS描述性统计对指标正向化后的原始数据标准化[12]

2.3.2 主成分分析

主成分分析结果显示,前4个主成分的特征值大于1,累计贡献率达76.33%,表明各性状的贡献率分散,累计贡献率增长不明显,说明性状变异的复杂性和多向性。这4个组成分反映了原始变量的绝大部分信息,可提取前4个主成分代替原16个指标综合评价木通属果肉品质,表9为未旋转的成分载荷矩阵[13]。对第1主成分产生正向影响的指标主要有单果质量、果肉质量、果形指数、支直比、总淀粉,产生负面影响的主要是含水率、Na、B,因此可将第1主成分视为果实质量、形状、口感及营养指标;对第2主成分产生正向影响的主要有固酸比、糖酸比、总糖、还原糖,产生负面影响的是A,因此可把第2主成分视为甜度及香味指标;决定第3主成分是可食率、蛋白质,前者产生正向影响,后者反之,视为可食率及蛋白质指标;影响第4主成分中的是F并对第4主成分产生正向影响,视为果实鲜味指标。

2.3.3 木通属种质果实品质的综合评价

用各指标变量的主成分载荷除以主成分相对应的特征值开平方根,便得到4个主成分中每个指标所对应的系数即特征向量,以特征向量为权重构建4个主成分的函数表达式,再以各主成分所对应的方差贡献率作为权重,根据主成分得分和对应的权重线性加权求和得到主成分的综合得分模型:F=0.351F1+0.207F2+0.138F3+0.067F4。

表8 不同种类氨基酸相关性分析
Table 8 Correlation analysis of different kinds of amino acid

TNMFAT1N0.993∗∗1M0.993∗∗0.997∗∗1F0.1380.1190.131A0.816∗∗0.807∗∗0.808∗∗0.1921

注:“**” 在 0.01 水平上显著相关

表9 木通属种质间各品质指标的成分载荷矩阵
Table 9 Component loading matrix of each quality
index of Akebia Decne

品质指标 PC1PC2PC3PC4X1(含水率)-0.71-0.58-0.200.17X2(单果质量)0.88-0.32-0.03-0.08X3(果型指数)0.580.390.440.33X4(果肉质量)0.90-0.190.21-0.07X5(可食率)-0.220.430.720.08X6(固酸比)-0.410.82-0.14-0.10X7(糖酸比)-0.250.81-0.38-0.07X8(总糖)0.580.620.33-0.18X9(还原糖)0.190.54-0.410.11X10(蛋白质)0.110.35-0.560.31X11(支直比)0.640.02-0.640.21X12(总淀粉)0.780.280.14-0.05X13(钠元素)-0.730.130.38-0.06X14(硼元素)-0.76-0.130.140.33X15(F)0.48-0.160.240.71X16(A)0.45-0.48-0.09-0.33特征值5.623.312.211.07方差贡献率/%35.1220.6913.816.71累计贡献率/%35.1255.8169.6276.33

根据各主成分的函数表达式计算出21份木通种质各主成分得分值及排序结果,然后再以主成分综合得分模型计算出21份木通种质果实品质性状的综合得分和综合排名。在综合得分排序中(表10),排名在前的基本为白木通种质,木通的W4与三叶木通的S4分别在第7位与第9位,排名前6的为B2、B4~B8。其中B6的F1、F4均第一,而F2、F3值居中,表明其果实形态大小、口感及营养都较好,而可食率与香甜味居中;B8的F2、F3值相较于F1都较居中,说明其形状大小、口感及营养较优,而其他指标相对居中,鲜味最差;B4的F1、F2值都靠前,而F3、F4值居中,说明B4在营养、甜度、口感香味以及果实大小都较优,但可食率、蛋白及果实鲜味指标较居中;B5的F1值靠前,F2~F4值居中,表明B5果实的形态大小、口感营养较好,而其他居中;B2除F3值以外,其他均靠前,表明B2的可食率与蛋白含量居中;B7的F1、F3值靠前,而F2、F4值居中,说明其可食率及口味居中,其他表现较优。从综合得分排序情况来看,所选种质中白木通种质较优秀,三叶木通种质有优有劣,木通种质虽有W4排在第7位,但结合感官评价来看品质较差,综合来看木通作为水果品质较差。

表10 木通属果实品质的主成分因子得分
Table 10 Principal component factor scores of fruit
quality of Akebia Decne

种质F1F2F3F4F得分排名得分排名得分排名得分排名得分排名W1-2.96201.2350.45100.517-0.6917W2-2.1119-1.73171.5150.765-0.8419W3-1.54131.8120.966-1.1719-0.1111W4-1.03113.5311.514-1.00170.517W5-1.81171.2161.673-0.1812-0.1713S1-4.1521-2.7520-0.10130.069-2.0321S20.1010-2.33180.03120.586-0.4014S3-1.72161.273-2.15210.934-0.5815S4-1.0512-0.75152.7711.412-0.059S5-1.58140.5312-2.0920-0.5116-0.7718S60.579-2.47191.692-1.1118-0.1512S7-2.0118-1.2116-2.0019-0.0611-1.2420S82.873-3.8521-1.3015-1.3420-0.0610B1-1.63150.978-1.9818-0.3013-0.6616B22.1861.177-1.52161.2330.885B31.0680.949-1.5417-0.38140.338B42.4941.2440.689-0.48151.193B52.3150.9010-0.46140.2280.954B64.3110.39130.41112.5811.821B72.057-0.70140.7180.01100.676B83.6320.64110.757-1.75211.392

3 结论

果实的风味、色泽及营养是评价果实品质差异的主要考察因素[14],木通属植物果实因其独特风味与药用价值而受到人们的青睐,但因其种质资源较多较杂,使得种质间品质差异表现较大,对其进行评价和筛选是有效利用和选育优异种质资源并推广栽培的基础和前提。本试验研究发现,种质对品质的影响较大。从外观品质来看,各种间的果形、果实质量、颜色等方面均有不同程度的差异,三叶木通种内变异最大。糖酸比与固酸比是影响风味的重要指标[15],支直比是评价口感的重要指标[16],木通果实的果肉高糖低酸,味道香甜可口,口感柔软黏糯,但因种质的不同也略有差异,本研究发现白木通种质的果肉相较于其他两类,口感及味道则更佳。从矿质元素方面来看,木通属植物果实的常量及微量元素丰富,高于我们常吃的甜柿[17]、苹果[18]等。经常食用高钾低钠食物有预防心血管疾病及肠胃炎的作用[19],木通果实的果肉中,钾元素含量显著高于钠元素,属于典型的高钾低钠植物,这与唐成林等[20]的研究一致;氨基酸是食物风味物质的合成前体[21],各类氨基酸也有不同的营养功效[22-23],从氨基酸种类及含量方面看,21份木通属种质间氨基酸总量差异较大,且各种质间氨基酸的种类也不同,木通果实中所含氨基酸种类最多的为11种,这与前人[24-25]研究(15~16种)不一致,推测可能与生长环境或种质不同有关,在今后的种植栽培及种质收集过程中应格外注意果肉中各类游离氨基酸的变化。

通过主成分分析对这21份种质进行综合评价,结果显示白木通中的优质种质较多,B2~B8综合得分靠前,但结合果实外观色泽与感官评价来看,B3、B6~B8却并不理想,可考虑作为深加工产品原料。此外主成分分析还可以客观地选出一些独具特色的优良性状,例如木通在F2及F3的得分排名较靠前,结合显著性分析,木通的可食率较高,而可食率高可能与木通的种子较小有关,在今后的杂交育种工作中,可以利用它的优势,培育出营养价值高、籽小、可食率高的木通新种质。

综上所述,木通属植物果实作为新一代水果,具有较高的营养及药用价值,其中较高的钾钠比对人体十分有益,通过对21份木通种质的果肉品质分析,白木通种质比三叶木通及木通更为优秀,三叶木通次之,木通最差;综合内在品质、外观品质与感官评价,白木通种质中的B2、B4~B5与三叶木通中S4、S8因其外形与内在品质较优,可作为水果使用,而B3、B6~B8虽然内、外在品质优秀,但果色略差,可能影响销售,但可考虑往深加工产业发展。

参考文献

[1] 王乐乐, 周绍琴,宋小娟.三叶木通及其果实研究进展[J].现代农业科技,2018(22):252-253.

WANG L L,ZHOU S Q,SONG X J.Research advances of Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz and its fruits[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2018 (22):252-253

[2] 国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典[S].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015.

State Pharmacopoei Commission.Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China [S].Beijing:China Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Press,2015.

[3] LU W L,YANG T,SONG Q J,et al.Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz seed extract inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion in vitro[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2019,234(24):204-215.

[4] 郭林新, 马养民,李梦云,等.三叶木通利尿活性部位筛选及其化学成分[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2017,23(3):66-70.

GUO L X,MA Y M,LI M Y,et al.Screening of diuretic activity fractions and chemical compositions in rattan of Akebia trifoliate[J].Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae,2017,23(3):66-70.

[5] 刘岩庭, 侯雄军,谢月,等.木通属植物化学成分及药理作用研究进展[J].江西中医学院学报,2012,24(4):87-93.

LIU Y T,HOU X J,XIE Y,et al.Overview of research on chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Akebia[J].Journal of Jiangxi University of traditional Chinese medicine,2012,24(4):87-93.

[6] 熊大胜,曾庸,牟子平.三叶木通开发利用研究初报[J].经济林研究,1993,1(1):67-68.

XIONG D S,ZENG Y,MU Z P.Preliminary report on the development and utilization of Akebia trifoliata[J].Economic Forest Research,1993,1(1):67-68.

[7] 徐娟,郑志锋,刘祥义,等.8种谷类食物中矿质元素的测定分析[J].西部林业科学,2016,45(5):140-143.

XU J,ZHENG Z F,LIU X Y,et al.Determination of mineral elements in eight cereals[J].Journal of West China Forestry Science,2016,45(5):140-143.

[8] 李磊, 张权,刘文政,等.酸水解法测定大米中17种氨基酸的含量[J].微量元素与健康研究,2020,37(1):2.

LI L,ZHANG Q,LIU W Z,et al.Determination of 17 amino acids in rice by acid hydrolysis method[J].Microelements and Health Research,2020,37(1):2.

[9] KRISHNA G G,KAPOOR S C.Potassium depletion exacerbates essential hypertension[J].Annals of Internal Medicine,1991,115(2):77-83.

[10] WILLIAMS G H,HOLLENBERG N K.Non-modulating hypertension-A subset of sodium-sensitive hypertension[J].Hypertension,1991,17(1):181-185.

[11] 刘沂华, 程勤海,杨丽,等.硼肥不同喷施方式对槜李产量和品质的影响[J].上海农业科技,2016,6(4):79-80.

LIU Y H,CHENG Q H,YANG L,et al.Effects of different spraying methods of boron fertilizer on yield and quality of plum[J].Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology,2016,6(4):79-80.

[12] 刘新华. 因子分析中数据正向化处理的必要性及其软件实现[J].重庆工学院学报(自然科学版),2009,23(9):152-155.

LIU X H.Necessity and software operation of positive management in factor analysis[J].Journal of Chongqing Institute of Technology (Natural Science),2009,23(9):152-155.

[13] 王文博, 陈秀芝.多指标综合评价中主成分分析和因子分析方法的比较[J].统计与信息论坛,2006,21(5):19-22.

WANG W B,CHEN X Z.Comparison of principal component analysis with factor analysis in comprehensive multi-indicators scoring[J].Statistics & Information Forum,2006,21(5):19-22.

[14] BARRETT D M,BEAULIEU J C,SHEWFELT R.Color,flavor,texture,and nutritional quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables:Desirable levels,instrumental and sensory measurement,and the effects of processing[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2010,50(5):369-389.

[15] 赵剑波, 姜全,郭继英,等.桃果实风味品质指标测定与品种筛选[J].江苏农业科学,2007,35(6):165-168.

ZHAO J B,JIANG Q,GUO J Y,et al.Determination of fruit flavor quality indexes and variety selection of peach[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Science,2007,35(6):165-168.

[16] 李海普,李彬,欧阳明,等.直链淀粉和支链淀粉的表征[J].食品科学,2010,31(11):273-277.

LI H P,LI B,OUYANG M,et al.Advances in characterization of amylose and amylopectin starch[J].Food Science,2010,31(11):273-277.

[17] 宋少华, 刘勤,李曼,等,甜柿果实矿质元素与品质指标的相关性及通径分析[J].果树学报,2016,33(2):202-209.

SONG S H,LIU Q,LI M,et al.Correlation and path analysis between mineral elements and quality parameters in non-astringent persimmon[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(2):202-209.

[18] 匡立学, 聂继云,李志霞,等.不同苹果品种果实矿质元素含量的因子分析和聚类分析[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(14):2 807-2 815.

KUANG L X,NIE J Y,LI Z X,et al.Factor analysis and cluster analysis of mineral element contents in different apple varieties[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(14):2 807-2 815.

[19] 王萍, 刘立云,董志国,等.不同品种嫩果椰水主要品质性状、矿质元素含量分析[J].果树学报,2008,25(4):601-603.

WANG P,LIU L Y,DONG Z G,et al.Characteristics and mineral elements of tender coconut water in different coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) cultivars[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2008,25(4):601-603.

[20] 唐成林,杨斌,陶光灿,等.八月瓜果实营养成分分析和评价[J].食品工业科技,2021,42(3):299-303.

TANG C L,YANG B,TAO G C,et al.Analysis and evaluation of nutritional components in Akebia trifoliate fruit[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2021,42(3): 299-303.

[21] 牛丽影, 刘春菊,李大婧,等.不同采收期鲜食玉米氨基酸变化分析[J].食品与发酵工业,2019,45(6):209-214.

NIU L Y,LIU C J,LI D J,et al.Analysis of amino acids in fresh-edible corns harvested at different time[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2019,45(6):209-214.

[22] YIN J,REN W K,YANG G,et al.L-Cysteine metabolism and its nutritional implications[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2016,60(1):134-146.

[23] VALLABHA V S,TAPAL A,SUKHDEO S V,et al.Effect of arginine:Lysine ratio in free amino acid and protein form on L-NAME induced hypertension in hypercholesterolemic Wistar rats[J].Rsc Advances,2016,6(77):73 388-73 398.

[24] 仲伟敏, 马玉华.三叶木通优选单株果实的营养品质特性[J].贵州农业科学,2015,43(1):140-142.

ZHONG W M,MA Y H.Fruit nutrition quality of a good Akebia trifoliate plant[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(1):140-142.

[25] 万明长, 刘学武,班小重,等.三叶木通栽培条件下果实性状及营养成分分析[J].贵州农业科学,2008(3):121-122;198.

WAN M C,LIU X W,BAN X C,et al.The fruit character and nutrition composition of Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz under the cultivation condition[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2008,36(3):121-122,198.

Fruit quality evaluation of Akebia Decne based on principal component analysis

YANG Yuning1,4,CHEN Songshu2,GAO Ergang3,LI Yuanyuan1,4,PAN Xiuzhen1,LIU Hongchang1,4*,XIN Xuehui5

1(College of agriculture,Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China)2(Teaching Experimental Field of Guizhou University,Guiyang 550025,China)3(Forestry Bureau of Liping County for Guizhou province,Liping 557300,China)4(Key Laboratory of medicinal plant breeding and planting in Guizhou Province,Guiyang 550025,China)5(Shengzhu Lianchuang Mutong agricultural and Forestry Development Co.Ltd.,in Liping of Guizhou,Liping 557300,China)

ABSTRACT In this paper, fruit quality of 21 germplasms of Akebia (Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne, Akebia trifoliata (Thunb) Koidz.var. australis (Diels) Rehd, Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz) were compared in order to provide reference for breeding excellent germplasm resources. Twenty-one germplasms of shape parameters and the sensory evaluation were respectively recorded and appearance quality and internal quality in 21 different germplasms were comparatively analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in the quality indexes among the 21 germplasms, and there were different degrees of variation among the interspecific and intraspecific. The 21 germplasms had advantages in different characters. The results of the principal component analysis showed that the top germplasms were Akebia trifoliata (Thunb) Koidz.var. australis (Diels) Rehd (B2, B4-8), W4 of Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne and S4 of Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) And Koidz were in the seventh and ninth places respectively. It could be seen that the germplasms of Akebia trifoliata (Thunb) Koidz.var. australis (Diels) Rehd was better than that of Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. Although W4 ranks the seventh in Akebia quinata (Thunb.) Decne, its sensory evaluation index was low. The results showed that the Akebia trifoliata var. australis germplasms was better than the Akebia trifoliata germplasms, and the Akebia quinata germplasms was the worst. Akebia trifoliata var.australis germplasms of B2, B4, B5 and implant Akebia trifoliata germplasms of S4, S8 because of its appearance and inner quality was best which could be used as fruit; and B3, B6-8 although internal and external quality were excellent, the fruit color was poor which could be used for the development of industry processing.

Key words Akebia Decne; principal component analysis;frnit quality of germplasm

DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.025657

引用格式:杨玉宁,陈松树,高尔刚,等.基于主成分分析的木通属植物果实品质评价[J].食品与发酵工业,2021,47(9):191-200.YANG Yuning,CHEN Songshu,GAO Ergang,et al.Fruit quality evaluation of Akebia Decne based on principal component analysis[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2021,47(9):191-200.

第一作者:硕士研究生(刘红昌副教授为通讯作者,E-mail:604957649@qq.com)

基金项目:贵州省自然科学基金项目(黔科合基础[2019]1061号)

收稿日期:2020-09-16,改回日期:2020-11-04