中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单研究(第二版)

姚粟*,王鹏辉,白飞荣,于学健,曹艳花,程坤,葛媛媛,辛迪, 张天赐,刘艺茹,蔡程山,程池

(中国食品发酵工业研究院,中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心,北京 100015)

摘 要 食品用微生物菌种是我国传统发酵食品产业的重要种质资源。该文在第一版的基础上,对分离自我国酒类、乳制品类、调味品类和发酵茶等传统发酵食品的微生物菌种进行了收集、补充和整理,形成了第二版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单。该名单共涵盖56个属124种,包括细菌74种,酵母22种和丝状真菌28种;较第一版新增菌种49种,主要涵盖醋杆菌属(Acetobacter spp.)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)、伴生乳杆菌属(Companilactobacillus spp.)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus spp.)、魏斯氏菌属(Weissella spp.)、梭菌属(Clostridium spp.)、假丝酵母属(Candida spp.)、德巴利酵母属(Debaryomyces spp.)、毕赤酵母属(Pichia spp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillus spp.)、散囊菌属(Eurotium spp.)和根霉属(Rhizopus spp.)等。更新了第一版名单中41个菌种的分类学信息。该研究为补充和完善我国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种的应用及管理,促进我国发酵食品产业健康发展提供了参考和依据。

关键词 传统发酵食品;食品用微生物菌种;菌种名单

我国传统发酵食品历史悠久、种类丰富,在食品产业中占有重要地位。发酵食品是指通过所需的微生物生长和食品成分的酶转化而制成的食品[1]。在数千年的传承发展过程中,发酵食品逐渐显现出其鲜明的特点。发酵食品通过微生物产生有机酸、乙醇和细菌素等抑制性代谢物,有效延长食品保存期;发酵过程中微生物代谢产生的酶、氨基酸和健康因子等物质,可提高食品的营养价值;在微生物的作用下,食品产生独特的风味、质构、色泽、口感等,极大地提升了食品感官质量;发酵食品中功能微生物可去除或降解原料中的有毒或抗营养化合物,并通过菌种优势或分泌抑菌性产物抑制腐败菌生长,改善食品安全;食用发酵食品可有效增加人类肠道微生物菌群的多样性,显著降低炎症因子[2],对人体肠道健康发挥有益作用。

食品用微生物菌种是赋能我国传统发酵食品产业的核心资源。美国食品化学品法典[3](Food Chemicals Codex,FCC)指出,食品用菌种包括一种或多种微生物、发酵和浓缩过程中不可或缺的培养基成分,以及为保证菌种存活、储存、标准化而添加的原辅料。欧洲食品与饲料菌种协会(European Food Feed Cultures Association,EFFCA)提出了食品用微生物菌种是应用于食品生产的安全的、活的细菌、酵母菌和霉菌[4-5]。本研究中,传统发酵食品用微生物菌种,是指在发酵过程中有代谢活性(或是活的)、具有长期安全使用历史且明确功能的细菌、酵母菌和霉菌。传统发酵食品用微生物菌种作为食品发酵产业的发展基础和宝贵资源,在发酵过程中发挥重要的作用。微生物菌种可产生物酶,如淀粉酶、蛋白酶、脂肪酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶等,将原料基质的大分子物质降解为小分子物质;产风味物质,如代谢产酯类、醇类、酚类、有机酸和氨基酸等;产健康因子,如活性肽、维生素、共轭亚油酸、γ-氨基丁酸等;抑制杂菌,如分泌细菌素、有机酸、乙醇、过氧化氢和双乙酰等;改善质地,如产色素增色、菌丝体固型等。

国内外对食品用微生物菌种的管理和评估非常重视,欧美国家分别通过安全资格评估(Qualified Presumption of Safety,QPS)、公认安全使用物质(Generally Recognized as Safe,GRAS)等评价体系对食品用微生物菌种的安全性进行评估和管理,国际相关行业协会也在积极推动食品用微生物菌种名单的出台与更新[6-7]。目前,我国通过《可用于食品的菌种名单》[10]和《新食品原料安全性审查管理办法》等文件公布了37种食品用微生物菌种。文件中标注了传统上用于食品生产加工的菌种允许继续使用,但行业内关于传统发酵食品关键工艺及功能的核心微生物菌种名单报道较少。2017年,中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC)对应用于中国传统发酵食品,如白酒、发酵茶、乳制品、酱油、醋、腐乳、泡菜等微生物相关文献进行收集分析,归纳了发酵食品用微生物菌种的科学标准,并发布了第一版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单,其中包括30属75种微生物菌种[11]

随着传统发酵食品行业生产力的大幅提升和发酵工艺的传承与创新,新菌种资源和菌种新功能被不断地挖掘和应用,更多的传统发酵食品用菌种应进入菌种名单;第一版名单中菌种的应用领域和功能研究尚需扩增和延伸;名单已有菌种的分类学地位及安全性等信息需及时补充和更新。因此,开展第二版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单研究,对指导我国传统发酵食品行业的生产和应用,促进产业科学创新和发展具有重要意义。

1 传统发酵食品用微生物菌种的评估标准

1.1 评价食品用微生物菌种的原则

参考国际乳品联合会(International Dairy Federation,IDF)和欧洲食品与饲料菌种协会(European Food Feed Cultures Association,EFFCA)对食品用微生物菌种的最新要求,以第一版为基础,对名单菌种的认定原则进行了完善。微生物菌种在发酵食品加工过程中应有明确的应用领域,发挥促进发酵的功能作用,有明确的分类学地位及科学名称,有确切的安全使用历史,且应无致病性和机会性感染风险、无有毒代谢物、无抗生素耐药和临床致病信息等不良使用记录,没有在国内外被限制或禁止使用等报道[11]

1.2 菌种分类学依据

正确的微生物系统分类学信息是提出和使用菌种名单的基本前提。随着微生物系统分类学的发展,部分微生物菌种的分类学地位随之发生变迁。因此,及时跟踪生物科技前沿,持续更新菌种的分类学地位非常必要。

1.2.1 细菌分类学

细菌的命名应遵循原核生物系统学国际委员会(International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes,ICSP)的规定,并符合原核生物国际命名法规(International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes,ICNP)要求[12]。目前分类单元的描述、更新及命名发布在原核生物名称名录(List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature,LPSN)[13]和国际微生物学系统与进化杂志(International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology,IJSEM)。综合表型和基因型多相分类鉴定,依据《Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology》和当前科学认知等,最终确定微生物的分类单元[14]。菌种名称的中文译名可参照《细菌名称双解及分类词典》。

随着基因测序技术进步和基因组学发展,全基因组测序(Whole Genome Sequencing,WGS)已成为微生物分类学研究的重要技术手段。基于WGS的平均核苷酸一致性(Average Nucleotide Identity,ANI)、单核苷酸位点多态性(Single Nuceotide Polymorphism,SNP)和核心基因多位点序列分型(core genome Multilocus Sequence Typing/whole genome Multilocus Sequence Typing,cgMLST/wgMLST)技术可辅助菌株的精准鉴定[15]。该方法具有快速、准确且分辨率高等优点,尤其对16S rRNA基因和持家基因无法鉴定到种的微生物类群具有较好的鉴定效果。例如,2020年15位科学家对已公布的大量乳杆菌属全基因组数据进行分析,完成了乳杆菌属的重要分类学变迁研究,提出将原乳杆菌属重新划分为25个属,并对分类学地位变迁菌种进行了描述[16]。本文根据最新研究,对名单中的乳杆菌进行了分类学更新。

1.2.2 真菌分类学

《国际藻类,菌物和植物命名法规》是真菌分类命名的重要依据。2011年国际植物学大会提出了“一个真菌,一个名字”的命名规则[17],对新物种命名规则以及多性型真菌分类学名称合并进行了规定。2012年以来国际真菌分类委员成立了多个专家小组,对不同种属的真菌名称进行修订。2018年6月正式出版了《国际藻类、菌物和植物命名法规》(深圳法规,2018)(https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php),将《墨尔本法规》的“第Ⅷ章无性型菌物或多型生活史菌物的名称”修改为“第F章 菌物名称”[18]

本文中的传统发酵食品用真菌菌种名称主要参考了Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp)、Mycobank (http://www.mycobank.org/)等当前国际认可的分类学数据库,中文译名采用《中国菌种目录》和《中国真菌志》公布的名称。

2 第二版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名 单更新内容

本研究对我国常见传统发酵食品如乳制品、发酵茶、白酒、腐乳、豆瓣、泡菜、酱油、醋、面制品和肉制品等的微生物相关研究文献进行调研、汇总和分析,形成了“第二版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单”(电子版附件1),共收纳微生物菌种124种,其中细菌74种,酵母22种,丝状真菌28种。

2.1 新增食品用微生物菌种

本名单较第一版新增细菌32种,酵母菌10种,小型丝状真菌7种,并对新增菌种的应用领域、工艺环节和菌种功能等信息进行了阐述。

2.1.1 新增细菌

2.1.1.1 醋杆菌科Acetobacteraceae

醋化醋杆菌(Acetobacter aceti)[19]、果实醋杆菌(Acetobacter pomorum)[20]Komagataeibacter europaeus[21]Komagataeibacter intermedius[22]Komagataeibacter xylinus[23]是参与醋酸发酵的重要菌种。这些菌种在食醋的醋酸发酵阶段,可氧化有机质形成高浓度的乙酸、醋酸,同时产生大量有机酸。

2.1.1.2 芽胞杆菌科Bacillaceae

解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)在醋的醋酸发酵阶段产糖化酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶等,其中蛋白酶可将蛋白质水解成氨基酸,对食醋特殊风味和色泽的形成起至关重要的作用[24-26]。在腐乳后发酵阶段,解淀粉芽胞杆菌具有较强的次级代谢产物生产能力,可抑制腐乳中杂菌生长并促进多种有机活性成分产生[27-28]。在酱油酱醪发酵阶段,解淀粉芽胞杆菌产蛋白酶和糖化酶的能力较强[29],同时可去除酱油中的氨基甲酸乙酯,进而提高酱油风味[30]。在四川藏茶和普洱茶渥堆发酵过程中,解淀粉芽胞杆菌可以合成氨基酸和维生素[31],对陈熟普洱茶怡人风味和独特色泽形成起重要作用[32]。在豆瓣酱发酵后期,解淀粉芽胞杆菌可分解糖类等大分子有机物[33],也可降解生物胺,如腐胺、尸胺、组胺、亚精胺等,有益于改善食品安全[34-35]

豆瓣酱发酵后期,具有耐盐特性的短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)产蛋白酶[36],提升豆瓣酱品质。

沙福芽胞杆菌(Bacillus safensis)[37]Weizmannia acidiproducens[38]在食醋的醋酸发酵阶段,主要功能是产酸,包括酒石酸、甲酸和柠檬酸等。

噬热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacillus thermoleovorans)在普洱茶渥堆发酵后期,产生多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶等丰富的酶类,促进茶多酚类物质经氧化、缩合反应形成多聚物,有利于提高普洱茶品质[39-40]

Priestia megaterium在腐乳后发酵阶段的主要功能包括产蛋白酶,降解大豆蛋白生成短肽和氨基酸[41],降解腐乳发酵产生的生物胺,产生细菌素等抑制杂菌生长,上述功能保证了产品的风味及安全性[42]

2.1.1.3 梭菌科Clostridiaceae

酪丁酸梭菌(Clostridium tyrobutyricum)存在于白酒的窖泥中,具有较强产丁酸和己酸的能力[43]

2.1.1.4 肠球菌科Enterococcaceae

粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)在酱油制曲前期产乳酸,进而抑制枯草芽胞杆菌的繁殖[44]

2.1.1.5 肠杆菌科Enterobacteriaceae

弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii)主要在酱油发酵醪中分泌谷氨酰胺酶,提高酱油鲜味[45]

2.1.1.6 乳杆菌科Lactobacillaceae

消化伴生乳杆菌(Companilactobacillus alimentarius)[46]、黑龙江伴生乳杆菌(Companilactobacillus heilongjiangensis)[47]、食果糖果实乳杆菌(Fructilactobacillus fructivorans)[48]、布氏迟缓乳杆菌(Lentilactobacillus buchneri)[49]、鼠联合乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus murinus)[46]、丘状菌落次乳杆菌(Secundilactobacillus collinoides)[49]、弯曲广泛乳杆菌(Latilactobacillus curvatus)[50]均在泡菜发酵中期产酸,以提高泡菜风味。弯曲广泛乳杆菌在腐乳后发酵阶段代谢产生乙醇和多种有机酸,进而形成酯类等特殊香气代谢物[51];弯曲广泛乳杆菌对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单增李期特菌等多种病原菌具有较强的抑制能力,提高了腐乳的安全性[52]。在发酵乳制品中,弯曲广泛乳杆菌发酵所得的酸奶,组织状态稳定、凝块均匀、无乳清析出[53]

产马乳酒乳杆菌产马乳酒亚种(Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens subsp. kefiranofaciens)参与西藏开菲尔粒、云南大理乳扇和新疆特色干酪发酵,其主要功能为产胞外多糖、产黏[54],增加干酪的拉伸性能[55]

高加索酸奶迟缓乳杆菌(Lentilactobacillus kefiri)主要作用于新疆牧民开菲尔粒、西藏灵菇发酵乳[56]和黑龙江民间开菲尔粒[57]等发酵乳。其发酵后酸乳粘度较高,后酸化程度适宜[58]

肠膜明串珠菌葡聚糖亚种(Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp.dextranicum)在新疆酸奶子、发酵驼乳[59]等乳制品发酵过程中,利用蔗糖生成葡聚糖[60],并参与开菲尔特殊风味的形成[61]

混淆(融合)魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa)是参与食品发酵的重要乳酸菌之一,其对腐乳后发酵进程和风味有重要影响[62]。在酱油酱醅后发酵时期[33],混淆(融合)魏斯氏菌可提高酱油中酚类物质含量,增强酱油抗氧化活性,还能增加风味物质的种类以及总游离氨基酸含量,显著改善酱油风味[63]

类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissella paramesenteroides)在酱油酱醅发酵阶段,水解原料产生较多鲜味氨基酸并合成短链脂肪酸[29,64]。在水牛乳中可高产胞外多糖(EPS),有效增加酸奶黏度[65]

2.1.1.7 微球菌科Micrococcaceae

玫瑰考克氏菌(Kocuria rosea)是自然发酵的克东腐乳中优势菌,产蛋白酶、肽酶和脂肪酶等生物酶[66-68],水解大豆蛋白产生氨基酸,提升产品风味和品质[69]

克氏罗斯氏菌(Rothia kristinae)参与细菌型克东腐乳的后发酵,通过蛋白水解和脂解活性促进腐乳风味的形成[66-67]。该菌种具有亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐还原酶活性,可抑制脂质氧化、防止产品酸腐。在酱油酱醅发酵阶段,克氏罗斯氏菌可提升3-甲硫基丙醛、乙酸乙酯、苯乙醛等多种酱油关键香气物质的含量,具有改善风味作用[70]

2.1.1.8 葡萄球菌科Staphylococcaceae

腐生葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus saprophyticus)存在于白方腐乳后发酵阶段,能够显著提升白腐乳氨基酸态氮含量,加快产香速度[71]

2.1.1.9 链球菌科Streptococcaceae

棉子糖乳球菌(Lactococcus raffinolactis)能够于常温下生长和发酵,用作常温酸奶发酵剂[72]

格式乳球菌(Lactococcus garvieae)作用于新疆哈萨克族的传统奶酪中[73],其具有良好的耐酸、耐胆盐和降解亚硝酸盐等特性,且蛋白酶活性较高,发酵可产风味物质[74]

2.1.1.10 高温放线菌科Thermoactinomycetaceae

大曲高温放线菌(Thermoactinomyces daqus)在白酒大曲发酵中期,具有耐高温特性,高产蛋白酶,提升大曲的蛋白酶活力;菌丝体发达,促进大曲内部结构疏松[75]

2.1.2 新增酵母菌

2.1.2.1 Dipodascaceae

地霉双足囊菌(Dipodascus geotrichum)分离于新疆伊犁牧区哈萨克族牧民自制传统发酵乳制品,产多种风味化合物,包括酸类、酯类、醇类和醛类等物质[76]

2.1.2.2 德巴利酵母科Debaryomycetaceae

涎沫假丝酵母(Candida zeylanoides)应用于内蒙古和新疆酸马奶、云南大理乳扇等发酵乳中,其功能主要为产酸、产乙醇和产胞外多糖,与乳酸菌配比发酵后酸度适中,风味较好[77-78]

汉逊德巴利酵母(Debaryomyces hansenii)作用于西藏曲拉[79]、雪莲菌菌粒[80]和干酪中,代谢乳糖、乳酸盐和蛋白质,加快干酪蛋白的水解,增强干酪乳香味[81],其与乳酸菌混合发酵可相互促进生长,加快菌株的代谢速率[82]。汉逊德巴利酵母也是豆瓣酱发酵前期的优势酵母,产挥发性风味物质,如壬醛、十八醛、3,4-二甲基苯甲醛、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯、苯乙醇等[83]

粉状米勒酵母(Millerozyma farinosa)具有较强的耐盐能力,在腐乳后发酵时期,降解腐乳发酵过程中产生的生物胺,对腐乳风味物质的形成有重要作用[84]

2.1.2.3 Incertae sedis

布朗克假丝酵母(Candida blankii)在普洱茶渥堆发酵阶段[85]产生多酚氧化酶,生成较高含量的茶褐素[86]

2.1.2.4 毕赤酵母科Pichiaceae

喜仙人掌毕赤酵母(Pichia cactophila)在内蒙古和新疆酸马奶的发酵过程中主要产酸、产乙醇,与乳酸菌配比发酵后,酸奶酸度适中,风味较好[78]

2.1.2.5 酵母科Saccharomycetaceae

费比恩塞伯林德纳氏酵母(Cyberlindnera fabianii)存在于腐乳后发酵过程中,产蛋白酶、淀粉酶、麦芽糖酶等生物酶[87],还能产生烷基苯酚、4-乙基愈创木酚和乙醇等香气物质[88]

单孢哈萨克斯坦酵母(Kazachstania unispora)与乳酸菌在内蒙古酸马奶中进行共发酵[89],有效促进发酵前中期乳酸菌快速生长,提高产酸速率,增加发酵乳的风味[90]

二孢接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces bisporus)在泡菜[91]和豆瓣[92]发酵中,产醇类等物质,增加香味。

2.1.2.6 复膜孢酵母科Saccharomycopsidaceae

扣囊复膜孢酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)主要在白酒大曲生产过程前期发酵,具有发达菌丝体,高产淀粉酶,提升了大曲品质[93];在食醋的酒精发酵阶段产乙醇和乙酸乙酯等物质,提升食醋的风味[94]

2.1.3 新增小型丝状真菌

2.1.3.1 曲霉科Aspergillaceae

聚多曲霉(Aspergillus sydowii)是普洱茶发酵的优势菌种,具有将咖啡碱转化为茶碱的潜在能力[95]。在渥堆发酵阶段,其代谢活动旺盛,促使普洱茶成分发生降解、异构、偶联、聚合等复杂变化,对普洱茶品质的形成具有重要作用[96]

雪黄散囊菌(Eurotium niveoglaucum)主要作用于六堡茶[97]和普洱茶渥堆发酵阶段,分泌氧化酶、淀粉酶等酶类,使茶叶汤色变为棕红并去除粗青味。通过雪黄散囊菌发酵的茶叶,香气浓郁、带有特殊“菌花香”[98]

赤散囊菌(Eurotium rubrum)参与茯砖茶增湿渥堆[99]、后发酵[100]和发花阶段[101]的发酵,产生的各种酶类可分解老茶中的淀粉和单宁物质,降低茶叶苦涩味,改善茶叶口感,提升茯砖茶品质,增加茶叶的醇熟感,提高保健功效[102]

阿姆斯特丹散囊菌(Eurotium amstelodami)参与广州小青柑[100]、茯砖茶[101]和六堡茶[103]等茶叶发酵过程,尤其对六堡茶品质成分的转化发挥关键作用。阿姆斯特丹散囊菌可分解茶叶中的大分子物质,提高茶叶风味。此外,其具有降脂、减肥、促进消化、改善人体肠道的功效,发酵产物胞外多糖还具有抑制肿瘤的功效[104]

2.1.3.2 横梗霉科Lichtheimiaceae

微小根毛霉(Rhizomucor pusillus)主要存在于普洱茶[105-106]和茯砖茶[107]的渥堆发酵阶段,产纤维素酶、脂肪酶,水解毛茶基质中的纤维素,对普洱茶品质形成具有重要作用[40]

2.1.3.3 毛霉科Mucoraceae

梨形毛霉(Mucor piriformis)主要作用于腐乳前发酵阶段[108],高产蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶等生物酶。其发达的菌丝体使坯体紧紧包裹毛胚,有助于在盐渍期维持腐乳的外观形状。

2.1.3.4 根霉科Rhizopodaceae

匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)在普洱茶堆积[109]和后发酵阶段[110],产生有机酸和芳香的酯类物质,促进普洱茶甜香品质的形成[111]

2.2 新增应用领域的食品用微生物菌种

本次名单对第一版名单中的20种细菌、4种酵母和7种小型丝状真菌的应用领域进行了扩充。

2.2.1 细菌新增应用领域

凝结芽胞杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)主要扩充应用于发酵茶、食醋和泡菜。在普洱熟茶渥堆发酵阶段,凝结芽胞杆菌产生多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶等丰富酶类,提高茶品质[105],并对普洱茶汤色红褐品质的形成具有至关重要的作用[106]。在食醋的醋酸发酵阶段[112]和泡菜发酵前期[113],凝结芽胞杆菌以产酸为主。

枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)应用于酱油的发酵醪[45,114]、豆瓣酱发酵后期[36,115]和发酵茶渥堆发酵阶段[40]。二者在上述食品的发酵过程中,产生多种蛋白酶、纤维素酶、高温淀粉酶等,提高产品风味和质量。枯草芽胞杆菌亦可应用于食醋和腐乳发酵,使用其生产的细菌型腐乳氨基酸生成率较高,味道鲜美、质地细腻、口感润滑[116]。在醋酸发酵阶段[117],枯草芽胞杆菌产淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶等生物酶和有机酸、酯类等风味物质[118]

丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)在青方腐乳中有报道[119],代谢产生的丁酸、辛酸等物质具有“汗状、酸味、刺激性气味”,是构成青方腐乳独特风味的特征物质之一[120]

肉葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus carnosus)是细菌型腐乳-克东腐乳的优势菌[68],产蛋白酶、脂酶、凝固酶、硝酸盐还原酶等,有助于提升腐乳的品质。

干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei)[51]、乳酸乳球菌乳亚种(Lactococcus lactis subsp.lactis)[62]、嗜盐四生球菌(Tetragenococcus halophilus)[84]、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)[121]、短促生乳杆菌(Levilactobacillus brevis)[121]、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus)[122]、鼠李糖乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus)[123]等主要扩充应用于腐乳后发酵。上述乳酸菌的功能主要为分解糖类产生乳酸、乙醋酸等有机酸;生成细菌素、过氧化氢、双乙酰等物质抑制杂菌生长[42,121];分泌蛋白酶、酯化合成酶等生物酶,促进乳酸乙酯、乳酸丁酯、醋酸丁酯生成[124];产有机酸、醛类、酯类、氨基酸等多种风味物质[84]。其中干酪乳酪杆菌和鼠李糖乳酪杆菌还可应用于食醋的醋酸发酵阶段,进行产酸[125-126]

植物乳植物杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)作为一种重要的乳酸菌,在腐乳、食醋和发酵茶等领域均有扩充应用。在腐乳后发酵阶段,植物乳植物杆菌具有蛋白酶和酯酶水解能力,对腐乳的成熟和风味具有潜在作用[123]。在发酵茶渥堆发酵阶段,植物乳植物杆菌代谢产生有机酸,调节茶叶风味,还能产生多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶等丰富的酶类,促进茶多酚类物质形成,提高普洱茶品质[105]。在醋酸发酵阶段,植物乳植物杆菌产乳酸和乙酸乙酯等酯类物质,有助于改良食醋风味[24,127-128]

乳明串珠菌(Leuconostoc lactis)和戊糖乳植物杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus pentosus)均扩充应用于乳制品。乳明串珠菌在发酵乳中产蛋白酶和双乙酰等风味物质[74]。戊糖乳植物杆菌在乳制品的发酵过程中产胞外多糖(EPS)、γ-氨基丁酸、细菌素等物质[129-130],还可应用于六堡茶中进行渥堆发酵[131]

发酵粘液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentum)和乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)扩充应用于酱油酱醅后发酵[44,114]和食醋的醋酸发酵阶段[132-133]。其主要功能均为产酸、抑菌和增加产品的风味。

瑞士乳杆菌(Lactobacillus helveticus)扩充应用于食醋的醋酸发酵阶段和封醅阶段[134],产生的L-乳酸可使食醋酸感柔和、风味独特[135]

木糖葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus xylosus)和食物(窦)魏斯氏菌(Weissella cibaria)分别扩充应用于酱油制曲阶段[136]和酱醅发酵后期[64],抑制酱油产品中的生物胺富集[137],提高发酵酱油安全性[138]

2.2.2 酵母菌新增应用领域

库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)主要扩充应用于发酵茶和腐乳。在普洱茶、茯砖茶的渥堆发酵过程中,库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母主要生成高级醇类、酸类、酯类、萜类等风味物质,滋味醇和回甘明显,对普洱茶汤色红褐品质的形成至关重要[105]。库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母参与腐乳的整个发酵阶段,其在高温条件下能高产乙醇,抑制杂菌,增加腐乳风味[139]

酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)主要扩充应用于酸马奶、西藏曲拉、牦牛发酵乳[140]、新疆伊犁传统奶酪等发酵乳制品[79]和豆瓣的发酵后期[83],产酒精和挥发性风味物质[141]

易变拟威克酵母(Wickerhamiella versatilis)主要扩充应用于豆瓣酱[142],参与豆瓣酱醪后熟发酵,主要功能表现为耐盐、发酵力持久,产甘油、甘露醇、乙醇和4-乙基愈疮木酚等特殊香味物质[143]

鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)主要扩充应用于豆瓣的发酵后期[144]。当豆瓣酱处于高盐度时,鲁氏接合酵母可大量生成甘油、阿拉伯糖醇等醇类风味物质,提高豆瓣酱醇香[143]

2.2.3 小型丝状真菌新增应用领域

黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)[145]、米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)[146]和酱油曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)[147]主要扩充应用于豆瓣酱制曲阶段,分泌多种酶系,如淀粉酶、蛋白酶、糖化酶、单宁酶等[148]。在制酱过程中,分解大豆等原料产生醇、醛、酸、酚、酯类物质,提高豆瓣酱色泽风味[149]

米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)主要扩充应用于食醋和豆瓣酱,其中在食醋的糖化或“发花”阶段,主要产生糖化酶和蛋白酶[150];在豆瓣酱制曲阶段,米根霉可发酵葡萄糖生成甘油、有机酸、乙醇和阿拉伯糖醇等醇类风味物质,提高豆瓣酱醇香[149]

红色红曲菌(Monascus ruber)和紫色红曲菌(Monascus purpureus)扩充应用于腐乳后发酵阶段[51]。其菌丝能分泌多种酶系,如蛋白酶、淀粉酶、麦芽糖酶等增进腐乳鲜味,产生的色素是红腐乳色素的主要来源[87,151]

谢瓦散囊菌(Eurotium chevalieri)扩充应用于白酒大曲后发酵阶段,产阿魏酸酯酶、酯化酶和茶香型风味物质,有效提升白酒大曲的质量和品质,增加优质曲出房率[152]

2.3 菌种名单分类学信息的更新

本文对第一版菌种名单中的菌种分类学信息进行更新。细菌共有16种发生分类学地位变迁,其中3种由明串珠菌科(Leuconostocaceae)变迁为乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae),10种乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)菌种变迁,如干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus casei)变迁为干酪乳酪杆菌(Lacticaseibacillus casei)、发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)变迁为发酵粘液乳杆菌(Limosilactobacillus fermentum)等。凝结芽胞杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)变迁为Weizmannia coagulans。枯草芽胞杆菌枯草亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis)[153]和费氏丙酸杆菌舍(谢)氏亚种(Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii)[154]重新分类至种水平。

酵母菌共有4种发生变化,易变假丝酵母(Candida versatilis)更名为易变拟威克酵母(Wickerhamiella versatilis),并由德巴利酵母科(Debaryomycetaceae)变迁为Trichomonascaceae。埃切氏假丝酵母(Candida etchellsii)更名为Starmerella etchellsii,并由德巴利酵母科(Debaryomycetaceae)变迁为Incertae sedis。莫格假丝酵母(Candida mogii)由德巴利酵母科(Debaryomycetaceae)变迁为Metschnikowiaceae。异常威克汉姆酵母(Wickerhamomyces anomalus)由酵母科(Saccharomycetaceae)变迁为Wickerhamomycetaceae。

小型丝状真菌共有21种发生分类变化,其中9种均是由发菌科(Trichocomaceae)变迁为曲霉科(Aspergillaceae),2种由红曲科(Monascaceae)变迁为曲霉科(Aspergillaceae)。10种发生门水平的变迁,均由接合菌门(Zygomycota)变迁为毛霉门(Mucoromycota),其中小孢根霉华变种(Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis)、米根霉(Rhizopus cryzae)和小孢根霉少孢变种(Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus)由毛霉科(Mucoraceae)变迁为根霉科(Rhizopodaceae)。

3 讨论与展望

本文在第一版中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单的工作基础上,对腐乳、发酵茶、豆瓣、泡菜、酱油、醋和乳制品等多领域传统发酵食品的微生物菌种进行了更新,增加了食品用微生物菌种49种,扩充了原有31种微生物菌种的应用领域,明确了我国传统发酵食品用菌种的具体名单,阐述了菌种在不同发酵食品的工艺环节发挥功能作用,涵盖了产生物酶、风味物质、健康因子、改善食品质地及抑制杂菌等性能。这项研究对提升我国发酵食品产业的技术管理水平,实现我国传统发酵食品及其功能菌种国际化具有重要意义。

传统发酵食品多数以“多微共酵”的方式生产,参与发酵的微生物菌群通过动态演替共同发挥作用。尽管原生混菌体系比较复杂,但发酵食品中的核心功能微生物菌群往往较为明确[1]。功能微生物菌群人工组配和调控可有效提高发酵食品品质的稳定性,减少食品腐败发生和不良副产物生成[155]。这不仅解决了发酵食品的风味、安全与健康等问题,更有助于实现食品发酵产业由经验型的“作坊式”生产转变为现代化、科学化的智能酿造。我国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单的建立,为人工重组菌群和微生物菌群的人工调控奠定了科研基础。

微生物菌种作为传统发酵食品重要的参与者,对其安全性评价至关重要。如果发现某些菌株具有潜在的安全风险,即使这些菌株所在的种具有长期的使用历史,仍需从表型和基因型对其进行全面的安全风险评估,并结合发酵食品的生产工艺对名单中具潜在安全风险的菌种及时排除和更新。名单中的菌种应在相应的发酵食品领域中使用。

本名单对第一版的应用领域、菌种数量及安全性评价等进行了补充和完善,但仍未能涵盖我国传统发酵食品产业所有领域的微生物菌种。随着微生物学技术和发酵食品行业科技的不断进步,中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单也将持续更新。

致谢: 感谢国际乳品联合会(International Dairy Federation, IDF)、微生物卫生委员会(Standing Committees on Microbiological Hygiene, SCMH)在食品用微生物菌种的评估标准等方面对本项目提供的支持与帮助。

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Research on the inventory of microbial food cultures in Chinese traditional fermented foods (2nd edition)

YAO Su*,WANG Penghui,BAI Feirong,YU Xuejian,CAO Yanhua,CHENG Kun, GE Yuanyuan,XIN Di,ZHANG Tianci,LIU Yiru,CAI Chengshan,CHENG Chi

(China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries Corporation Limited,China Center of Industrial Culture Collection,Beijing 100015,China)

ABSTRACT Microbial food cultures are important germplasm resources of the traditional fermented food industry.Based on the research of the first edition of the inventory,this study reviewed,analyzed and updated the microbial food cultures isolated from Chinese traditional fermented foods such as baijiu,dairy,condiments and tea et al.It is proposed the second inventory of microbial food cultures used in Chinese traditional fermented foods,which contained 56 genera and 124 species,including 74 bacteria,22 yeasts,and 28 filamentous fungi.Compared with the first inventory,49 new species have been added,such as the genus of Acetobacter spp., Bacillus spp., Companilactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp., Weissella spp., Clostridium spp., Candida spp., Debaryomyces spp., Pichia spp., Aspergillus spp.,Eurotium spp. and Rhizopus spp., et al.Furthermore,the taxonomy of 41 species have been updated.This research provides references and scientific basis for application and management of microbial food cultures used in traditional fermented foods and it also aims to promote the healthy development of Chinese fermented food industry.

Key words Traditional fermented food;Microbial food cultures;Species inventory

DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.029332

引用格式:姚粟,王鹏辉,白飞荣,等.中国传统发酵食品用微生物菌种名单研究(第二版)[J].食品与发酵工业,2022,48(1):272-285.YAO Su,WANG Penghui,BAI Feirong,et al.Research on the inventory of microbial food cultures in Chinese traditional fermented foods (2nd edition)[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2022,48(1):272-285.

第一作者:博士,教授级高级工程师(通信作者,E-mail:milly@china-cicc.org)

收稿日期:2021-09-08,改回日期:2021-09-22