目前,我国在食品中化学性有害因素和微生物致病因子等方面已建立了比较完善的风险评估体系,但食品接触材料对人体健康影响的风险评估刚刚起步,主要在于食品接触材料膳食暴露评估(接触面积法)中的重要基础参数还很不完善,食品接触材料中有意添加物和非有意添加物等化学物质迁移导致的暴露水平难以准确估计,给评估结果带来较大的不确定性,甚至可能造成暴露风险的低估[1-2]。在相关基础参数中,食品接触材料及制品的接触面积与食品、食品模拟物体积或质量的比(S/V)是一项重要参数。S/V的结果将直接影响化学物迁移量的结果,进而影响最终的膳食暴露评估结果和结论。在既往研究中,S/V多采用欧盟6 dm2/kg的参数值,而随着研究的不断深入,发现该值难以涵盖包装较小的食品,并不能很好地适用于我国食品接触材料的膳食暴露评估[3]。
近年来,小规格或1人份的包装食品(包括糖果巧克力及其制品)逐渐在市场上流行起来,这种食品的S/V通常大于6 dm2/kg[3-5],加之我国居民特别是儿童青少年对糖果巧克力及其制品消费量不低[6],更应着手建立糖果巧克力及其制品食品接触材料膳食暴露评估基础参数的构建,完善S/V值,为后续科学准确地评估膳食暴露风险及修订食品接触材料相关食品安全国家标准提供基础数据。
通过市场采购方式,本研究共采集283种糖果巧克力及其制品样品。市场采购涵盖超市、商店、网络电商平台等,同时兼顾品牌和地域等方面,确保采集到的糖果巧克力及其制品能够覆盖我国居民日常消费的主要类型。参考国家市场监管总局《食品生产许可分类目录》[7]、GB 17403—2016 《糖果巧克力生产卫生规范》,结合产品类属及包装近似程度,将糖果、巧克力及巧克力制品、代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品3类食品作为一大类产品进行分析。其中,根据我国GB/T 23823—2009《糖果分类》,结合市售及居民主要消费实际情况,将糖果分为硬质糖果、充气糖果、凝胶糖果、胶基糖果、酥质糖果、压片糖果、太妃糖果、奶糖糖果8小类;根据我国GB 9678.2—2014 《巧克力、代可可脂巧克力及其制品》,将巧克力及其制品分为巧克力及巧克力制品、代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品2小类。样品合计共1大类、3亚类、10小类。
1.2.1 表面积测定方法
对于形状规则易于测量的包装,采用直接测量法进行测量并计算表面积;对于形状不规则、不易于测量的包装,采用3D面积测量仪(PHS600LT,上海汇像公司)对样品的表面积进行扫描测量,获得表面积数据。
1.2.2 S/V计算与分析
记录样品单个小包装的质量或体积,结合测定的表面积,计算S/V。S/V计算分析使用文字处理系统(word processing system,WPS)表格。
1.2.3 材质确认和包装形式划分
对于玻璃、金属、内表面实际接触层为纸的复合材质等特性鲜明的材质以及有明确标识的塑料材质,采用目视法进行材质判定。对无法通过目视法进行判定的塑料材质,通过红外光谱法(IRTracer-100傅立叶变换红外光谱仪,日本岛津公司)进行主要材质的定性分析和确认。
按包装材质划分为单一材质、复合材质和组合材质。复合材质是由纸、塑料薄膜或铝箔经黏合剂(聚氨酯和改性聚丙烯)复合而成的食品包装材料;组合材质是指与食品实际接触层超过1种独立材料,如包装袋和内托盘等。本研究所调查的均为与被包装食品实际接触层(包括主体内表面、盖内表面、内托盘等)的材质。按包装形式划分为普通袋装、带托盘袋装、自立袋、裹包和盒(瓶、罐、桶)装。
283件糖果巧克力及其制品样品包括糖果154件,巧克力及其制品95件,代可可脂巧克力及其制品34件。对样品的实际接触内表面主体接触材料(材质)分析发现(表1),食品接触材料涉及金属、纸、玻璃、聚酰胺(polyamide,PA)、聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)、聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)、聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)、聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)、高密度聚乙烯(high density polyethylene,HDPE)、低密度聚乙烯(low density polyethylene,LDPE)、乙烯-乙烯醇共聚物(ethylene-vinyl alcohol,EVOH)、乙烯-丙烯酸共聚物(ethylene-acrylic acid,EAA)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(polymethyl methacrylate,PMMA)。其中,44.88%(127/283)的糖果巧克力及其制品接触材料为复合材质,主要为PP、PE、纸和PET等,37.81%(107/283)为单一材质,食品接触层的材质主要是PP、金属、PE和PET等,17.31%(49/283)为组合材质,食品接触层的材质涉及种类较多。
表1 包装材质形式和实际接触内表面接触材料类型
Table 1 Packaging form and food contact material types
材质形式接触材料 样品件数占比/%单一材质PP4014.13金属3211.31PE124.24PET82.83纸41.41PP/PMMA31.06EVOH31.06HDPE31.06EAA10.35PA10.35小计10737.81复合材质PP6322.26PE3010.60纸227.77PET103.53PE/PP10.35EVOH10.35小计12744.88组合材质#PP+纸82.83PP+PP51.77HDPE+LDPE41.41PP+LDPE41.41PET+纸41.41PA+PP41.41金属+PP31.06PE+PP31.06金属+纸31.06EVOH+PP20.71PP+PE20.71PP+PS10.35PET+EVOH10.35HDPE+PP10.35PP+PET10.35PVC+PE10.35HDPE+PE/PP10.35玻璃+PE10.35小计4917.31合计283100.00
注:#组合材质采用“A+B”形式表示,例如包装袋是PE,托盘是PET,则记为PE+PET(下同)
包装形式包括普通袋装(154/283,54.42%)、裹包(78/283,27.56%)、盒装(37/283,13.07%)、自立袋(9/283,3.18%)、带托盘袋装(5/283,1.77%)。不同材质形式产品的包装形式及占比如图1与图2所示。
a-裹包;b-普通袋装;c-带托盘袋装;d-自立袋;e-盒(瓶、罐、桶)装
图1 不同产品的包装形式
Fig.1 Packaging forms of different products
通过分析不同接触材料糖果巧克力及其制品的S/V数据发现(表2),从合计看,所有材质的S/V最小值、均值和最大值分别为7.80、57.44和282.83 dm2/kg。从各类别小计看,S/V均值最大的为PA+PP材质,为124.09 dm2/kg,其次为PP+PET和EVOH+PP,分别为116.97和101.35 dm2/kg,均值最小的为玻璃+PE,为9.84 dm2/kg。从各类别看,S/V最小的为PP包装的凝胶糖果,为7.80 dm2/kg,S/V最大的为PE包装的巧克力及巧克力制品,为282.83 dm2/kg。
a-单一材质;b-复合材质;c-组合材质
图2 不同材质形式产品的包装形式比例
Fig.2 The proportion of packaging form of products with different materials forms
表2 不同接触材料糖果巧克力及其制品的类别和S/V
Table 2 The type,S/V of different food contact materials of candies,chocolates and their products
接触材料类别样品件数占比/%S/V/(dm2·kg-1)最小值平均值最大值PP巧克力及巧克力制品2910.2511.4146.95119.47硬质糖果227.7734.4756.3474.99凝胶糖果186.367.8051.02105.82代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品113.8927.0065.58145.08充气糖果82.8328.2370.94104.80焦香糖果41.4144.7357.9391.76压片糖果41.4120.5845.6160.00酥质糖果31.0633.1839.5244.94奶糖糖果31.0634.0655.9974.22胶基糖果10.3540.7140.7140.71小计10336.40 7.8053.88145.08PE巧克力及巧克力制品113.8914.3478.06282.83凝胶糖果113.8914.2140.6860.63代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品82.8341.3063.46132.51奶糖糖果51.7754.5260.4172.53充气糖果41.4135.5947.0766.62压片糖果20.7136.3540.5844.80硬质糖果10.35184.87184.87184.87小计4214.84 14.2161.19282.83
续表2
接触材料类别样品件数占比/%S/V/(dm2·kg-1)最小值平均值最大值金属巧克力及巧克力制品207.0721.5050.9788.24代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品51.7730.3040.4667.77压片糖果41.4129.3335.7144.39硬质糖果10.3517.0217.0217.02充气糖果10.35118.75118.75118.75凝胶糖果10.3522.6522.6522.65小计3211.31 17.0247.59118.75纸代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品82.8332.2852.7072.28巧克力及巧克力制品51.7726.5063.76114.53胶基糖果41.4157.3391.86139.70奶糖糖果31.0696.4699.93103.66焦香糖果31.0688.94109.50131.76硬质糖果20.7173.9576.9679.97充气糖果10.3547.8547.8547.85小计269.19 26.5074.53139.70PET巧克力及巧克力制品124.2423.9144.6277.47充气糖果20.7150.5281.63112.73压片糖果20.7126.5026.8527.19代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品10.3584.7784.7784.77凝胶糖果10.3514.2514.2514.25小计186.36 14.2547.30112.73PP+纸硬质糖果31.0682.6693.32113.61巧克力及巧克力制品31.0655.0671.5884.28凝胶糖果20.7168.1874.2280.26小计82.82 55.0680.39113.61PP+PP硬质糖果41.4150.0083.30131.50奶糖糖果10.3578.0378.0378.03小计51.77 50.0082.25131.50PE+PP胶基糖果20.7124.3034.7445.17凝胶糖果10.3549.3649.3649.36巧克力及巧克力制品10.3529.4329.4329.43硬质糖果10.35148.49148.49148.49小计51.7724.3059.35148.49PP+LDPE充气糖果20.7118.9220.1721.42胶基糖果20.7119.2119.6620.11小计41.41 18.9219.9121.42HDPE+LDPE胶基糖果31.0627.1431.9038.65巧克力及巧克力制品10.3517.7417.7417.74小计41.41 17.7428.3638.65EVOH巧克力及巧克力制品31.0640.7241.1641.47凝胶糖果10.3583.8683.8683.86小计41.41 40.7251.8383.86PA+PP硬质糖果31.0649.77107.49166.27凝胶糖果10.35173.92173.92173.92小计41.4149.77124.09173.92PET+纸充气糖果20.7187.8895.88103.89奶糖糖果10.35112.32112.32112.32代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品10.3532.8632.8632.86小计41.4132.8684.24112.32金属+PP充气糖果20.7143.5247.9352.33压片糖果10.3554.5354.5354.53小计31.06 43.5250.1354.53
续表2
接触材料类别样品件数占比/%S/V/(dm2·kg-1)最小值平均值最大值HDPE胶基糖果20.7127.6332.3637.10充气糖果10.3533.3433.3433.34小计31.06 27.6332.6937.1金属+纸巧克力及巧克力制品31.0626.9946.0568.51PP/PMMA巧克力及巧克力制品31.0621.6330.9740.15EVOH+PP硬质糖果20.7192.40101.35110.30HDPE+PP胶基糖果10.3537.3037.3037.30PE/PP巧克力及巧克力制品10.3573.7073.7073.70PP+PET凝胶糖果10.35116.97116.97116.97PA酥质糖果10.3560.1460.1460.14HDPE+PE/PP胶基糖果10.3530.3630.3630.36PP+PS巧克力及巧克力制品10.3581.8681.8681.86EAA巧克力及巧克力制品10.3540.9340.9340.93PET+EVOH凝胶糖果10.3546.7946.7946.79PVC+PE巧克力及巧克力制品10.3559.1859.1859.18玻璃+PE硬质糖果10.359.849.849.84合计2831007.8057.44282.83
不同类型糖果巧克力及其制品、不同接触材料的S/V情况(表3)表明,S/V均值最小的为玻璃+PE盛放的硬质糖果,S/V为9.84 dm2/kg,S/V均值最大的为PE盛放的硬质糖果,S/V为184.87 dm2/kg。所有类别糖果巧克力及其制品的S/V均值均高于6 dm2/kg。
表3 不同类别糖果巧克力及其制品的接触材料和S/V
Table 3 The food contact materials,S/V of different type of candies,chocolates and their products
类别接触材料样品件数占比/%S/V/(dm2·kg-1)最小值平均值最大值类别接触材料样品件数占比/%S/V/(dm2·kg-1)最小值平均值最大值硬质糖果PP227.77 34.4756.3474.99PP+PP41.41 50.0083.30131.50PA+PP31.06 49.77107.49166.27纸+PP31.0682.6693.32113.61纸20.71 73.9576.9679.97EVOH+PP20.71 92.40101.35110.30PE+PP10.35 148.49148.49148.49金属10.35 17.0217.0217.02PE10.35 184.87184.87184.87玻璃+PE10.35 9.849.849.84小计4014.13 9.8472.30184.87凝胶糖果PP186.36 7.8051.02105.82PE113.89 14.2140.6860.63PP+纸20.71 68.1874.2280.26PA+PP10.35 173.92173.92173.92PE+PP10.35 49.3649.3649.36PP+PET10.35 116.97116.97116.97金属10.35 22.6522.6522.65PET10.35 14.2514.2514.25EVOH10.35 83.8683.8683.86PET+EVOH10.35 46.7946.7946.79小计3813.43 7.8053.21173.92充气糖果PP82.83 28.2370.94104.8PE41.41 35.5947.0766.62PP+LDPE20.71 18.9220.1721.42金属+PP20.71 43.5247.9352.33PET+纸20.71 87.8895.88103.89PET20.71 50.5281.63112.73金属10.35 118.75118.75118.75纸10.35 47.8547.8547.85HDPE10.35 33.3433.3433.34小计238.13 18.9262.91118.75胶基糖果纸41.41 57.3391.86139.70HDPE+LDPE31.06 27.1431.9038.65PP+LDPE20.71 19.2119.6620.11PE+PP20.71 24.3034.7445.17HDPE20.71 27.6332.3637.10PP10.35 40.7140.7140.71HDPE+PE/PP10.35 30.3630.3630.36HDPE+PP10.35 37.3037.3037.30小计165.65 19.2146.56139.70
续表3
类别接触材料样品件数占比/%S/V/(dm2·kg-1)最小值平均值最大值类别接触材料样品件数占比/%S/V/(dm2·kg-1)最小值平均值最大值压片糖果金属41.41 29.3335.7144.39PP41.41 20.5845.6160.00PE20.71 36.3540.5844.80PET20.71 26.5026.8527.19金属+PP10.35 54.5354.5354.53小计134.59 20.5839.5960.00奶糖糖果PE51.77 54.5260.4172.53纸31.06 96.4699.93103.66PP31.06 34.0655.9974.22PET+纸10.35 112.32112.32112.32PP+PP10.35 78.0378.0378.03小计134.59 34.0673.86112.32焦香糖果PP41.41 44.7357.9391.76纸31.06 88.94109.50131.76小计72.47 44.7380.03131.76酥质糖果PP31.06 33.1839.5244.94PA10.35 60.1460.1460.14小计41.41 33.1844.6760.14巧克力及巧克力制品PP2910.25 11.4146.95119.47金属207.07 21.5050.9788.24PET124.24 23.9144.6277.47PE113.89 14.3478.06282.83纸51.77 26.5063.76114.53金属+纸31.06 26.9946.0568.51PP+纸31.06 55.0671.5884.28EVOH31.06 40.7141.1641.47PP/PMMA31.06 21.6330.9740.15PE+PP10.35 29.4329.4329.43PP+PS10.35 81.8681.8681.86EAA10.35 40.9340.9340.93PVC+PE10.35 59.1859.1859.18HDPE+LDPE10.35 17.7417.7417.74PE/PP10.35 73.7073.7073.70小计9533.57 11.4152.27282.83代可可脂巧克力及代可可脂巧克力制品PP113.89 27.0065.58145.08PE82.83 41.3063.46132.51纸82.83 32.2852.7072.28金属51.77 30.3040.4667.77PET+纸10.35 32.8632.8632.86PET10.35 84.7784.7784.77小计3412.01 27.0057.96145.08
100%的糖果巧克力及其制品的接触材料的S/V(图3)大于6 dm2/kg,其中,2.12%(6/283)介于7.5~15.0 dm2/kg,53.36%(151/283)介于15.0~52.5 dm2/kg,35.69%(101/283)介于52.5~105.0 dm2/kg,8.48%(24/283)介于105.0~202.5 dm2/kg,0.35%(1/283)介于202.5~285.0 dm2/kg。
本研究只探讨S/V在迁移量结果换算中的应用情况。迁移量计算如公式(1)所示:
(1)
式中:M,某物质的特定迁移量,mg/kg;M1,食品接触材料单位食品接触面积某危害物质迁移的量,mg/dm2;S/V,迁移试验所用的接触面积与体积之比,dm2/kg。
假设目标危害物质从S/V未知的PP包装的迁移量为3 μg/in2,根据迁移量计算公式,将欧盟S/V=6 dm2/kg、美国S/V=1 in2/10 g以及本研究获得的糖果巧克力及其制品的S/V均值57.44 dm2/kg分别带入后,可得欧盟、美国及本研究的迁移量分别为0.279、0.300和2.671 mg/kg。该结果显示,S/V在迁移试验结果计算中意义重大。如果该危害物质的特定迁移限量为0.29 mg/kg,则采用美国和本研究得出的结果均判为不合规。如果再结合实际食物消费量进行暴露评估,则此物质可能会造成潜在食品安全风险。因此,采用本研究的S/V可以使迁移试验结果更加接近实际,更能真实反映食品安全风险。
图3 糖果巧克力及其制品接触材料S/V分布
Fig.3 S/V distribution of food contact materials of candies,chocolates and their products
目前我国食品接触材料风险评估体系构建工作中,已开展了饮料、饮料酒以及0~3岁婴幼儿全食品类别的消费系数、分配系数[8-10]和饮料、饮料酒和坚果籽类包装S/V数据库[11-13]的相关研究。本研究通过调查研究,初步构建了糖果巧克力及其制品食品接触材料的S/V基础参数,结果表明,糖果巧克力及其制品类食品的S/V全部在6 dm2/kg以上,且均值高达57.44 dm2/kg,与前述报道中61.1%~96.7%的食品接触材料的S/V>6 dm2/kg的结果[11-13]相比,采用6 dm2/kg的常规暴露评估参数可能会低估糖果巧克力及其制品接触材料的暴露风险,建议采用专门构建的参数,结合实际消费情况评估该类食品的接触材料暴露风险,以获得更加科学准确的评估结果。
本研究仍存在一定的不确定性,比如糖果巧克力及其制品食品分类体系未统一、金属材质未做进一步细分以及塑料材质鉴定以定性为主,仅体现最主要材质等等。希望后续的研究可以在以上几方面加以改进。同时,建议尽快完善我国各类食品的接触材料暴露评估各项基础参数数据库构建,关注国际食品接触材料及制品的评估重点、难点和新方法[2,14-15],不断提升我国食品安全风险评估水平,保障居民身体健康。
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