天竺葵属植物挥发性成分和生物活性的研究进展

朱佳敏1,顾珂如1,赵琳静1*,曹婷苇1,沈凡妮1,许会菡1,李琦2*,冯美卿3

1(上海工程技术大学 化学化工学院,上海,201620)2(上海雷允上药业有限公司,上海,201401)3(复旦大学 药学院,上海,201203)

摘 要 天竺葵属(Pelargonium)是牻牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)芳香植物,含有丰富的单萜及其氧化物、倍半萜和二萜等挥发性成分,具有广泛的生物活性和良好的应用前景。该文系统总结了近年来国内外报道的从天竺葵属植物提取的挥发性化合物及其在抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、缓解焦虑抑郁等方面的作用,并归纳了其在医药及食品保鲜、包装及加工技术领域的应用进展,以期为该药食两用植物资源的进一步研究和合理开发利用提供理论依据。

关键词 天竺葵属;挥发性成分;生物活性

天竺葵属(Pelargonium)是牻儿苗科(Geraniaceae)多年生宿根草本亚灌木或灌木植物,原产南非及其附近国家,具有如玫瑰、薄荷、柠檬、肉豆蔻、生姜等多样化气味[1-2]。几个世纪以来,非洲土著居民使用天竺葵治疗腹泻、腹痛、胃炎、普通感冒、上呼吸道感染、结核病、皮肤伤口感染、淋病等[3]。19世纪90年代末期,天竺葵因在结核病治疗上引人注目的功效被欧洲人引进栽培[4-5],后传入美国,现在世界范围内均有种植。自20世纪50年代开始,我国对个别种类天竺葵开展引种栽培和繁殖,主要包括家天竺葵、盾叶天竺、香叶天竺葵、菊叶天竺葵、马蹄天竺葵等品种,分布于云南、四川、贵州、浙江、福建等地区。

天竺葵属植物的化学成分包括萜类、有机酸、肉桂酸衍生物、黄酮(醇)、单宁、香豆素(苷)、甾醇和生物碱等[6]。近年来,天竺葵的活性成分表现出良好的开发前景和商业价值。德国研制的天竺葵根提取物EPs®7630(Umckaloabos®)对急性支气管炎、扁桃体咽炎、鼻窦炎和普通感冒的治疗效果在多年临床试验中得到证实。南非开发的天竺葵提取物Linctagon®对流感和感冒也具有治疗作用,且安全性好。此外,一些含有天竺葵成分的保鲜剂和包装制品等被成功开发并应用于食品领域。

芳香植物挥发性成分因其独特的化学结构和功效,一直是国内外植物研究和产品开发的重点和热点[7-8]。天竺葵挥发油是由数十种甚至数百种次生代谢产物组成的复杂混合物,具有广泛的生物活性和良好的应用前景。本文系统总结了近年来从天竺葵属植物提取的挥发性化合物及其在抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、缓解焦虑抑郁等方面的作用,并归纳了其在医药及食品保鲜、包装及加工技术领域的应用进展,以期为该药食两用植物资源的进一步研究和合理开发利用提供理论依据。

1 挥发性成分

芳香植物中绝大部分的挥发性化学成分来自3个前体,即莽草酸途径和醋酸-丙二酸途径的酚类化合物、脂肪酸衍生物和类异戊二烯[9-11],不同的生物合成途径构成了物质结构多样性的基础。挥发油的主要成分通常是萜类化合物及其衍生物,其次是芳香族和脂肪族化合物。

天竺葵挥发性成分在很大程度上取决于其基因型、生长环境和农业种植条件、采收时间等。国内外研究人员通过气相色谱-质谱法,对多种天竺葵属植物的挥发性成分进行了分析,主要包括香叶天竺葵(Pelargonium graveolens)[12-23]、玫瑰天竺葵(Pelargonium roseum B.Br)[24-28]、波旁天竺葵(Pelargonium asperum Bourbon)[25,29]及豆蔻天竺葵[Pelargonium odoratissimum(L.) L’Her.ex Ait][30]等。所鉴定的挥发性成分主要为萜(系)类,以单萜及其氧化物为主,还有少量的倍半萜和二萜。此外,还存在(烯)酮类、醇类、酯类、烃类、苯丙素及杂环类物质,具体如表1所示。其中,多种萜类化合物为天竺葵属植物的典型成分[31-37]

表1 常见天竺葵属植物中的挥发性成分

Table 1 Volatile components from plant of Pelargonium

类别名称英文名称CAS分子式来源文献单萜类烯类芳香烃醇类醛类酮类醚类有机酸类杂环类柠檬烯∗Limonene138-86-3C10H16①②③[12,14-15,17,22,26]α-蒎烯∗α-Pinene80-56-8C10H16①②③④[12,14-15,17-18,20-22,24-30]α-水芹烯∗α-Phellandrene99-83-2C10H16①②[12,20,22,24]莰烯∗Camphene79-92-5C10H16①④[12-13,30]β-蒎烯∗β-Pinene18172-67-3C10H16①②③④[12-13,20,24-25,28,30]桧烯Sabinene3387-41-5C10H16①③[12,14,20,22,25]β-罗勒烯β-Ocimene3779-61-1C10H16①②[12,14-15,17,20,22,24]月桂烯β-Myrcene123-35-3C10H16①②[14,17,24]异松油烯Terpinolene586-62-9C10H16①[14,20]α-松油烯α-Terpinene99-86-5C10H16①②[12,24]D-柠檬烯D-Limonene5989-27-5C10H16①②④[13,20,24-25,30]对伞花烃p-Cymene99-87-6C10H14①②[12,14,17,22,24,26]邻伞花烃o-Cymene527-84-4C10H14③④[25,30]香叶醇Geraniol106-24-1C10H18O①②③[12,14-29]香茅醇∗Citronellol106-22-9C10H20O①②③[12-15,17,19-23,25-29]异胡薄荷醇p-Menth-8-en-3-ol7786-67-6C10H18O①[12,17]橙花醇Nerol106-25-2C10H18O①[14]异龙脑Isoborneol124-76-5C10H18O①[12]薄荷脑DL-Menthol89-78-1C10H20O①②[12,14,22-24]芳樟醇∗Linalool78-70-6C10H18O①②③④[12,14-15,17,20-21,23-30]α-松油醇α-Terpineol7785-53-7C10H18O①②④[12,14,17,20-22,26,28,30]桃金娘烷醇Trans-myrtanol53369-17-8C10H18O②③[25]氧化芳樟醇∗Linalool oxide15249-34-0C10H18O②③[24-25,28]香茅醛Citronellal106-23-0C10H18O①②③[12,15,20-21,25]柠檬醛Citral5392-40-5C10H16O①②③[15,18,25]薄荷酮∗Menthone14073-97-3C10H18O①②③[13-14,17-18,20-22,24-27]胡薄荷酮p-Menthone89-80-5C10H18O①[12]异薄荷酮Isomenthone491-07-6C10H18O①②[12,14-15,17-18,20-24,26,29]玫瑰醚∗Rose oxide16409-43-1C10H18O①③[12,14,17,25]香茅酸Citronellic acid502-47-6C10H18O2②③[25](Z)-氧化芳樟醇 5(呋喃型)(Z)-Linalool oxide60047-17-8C10H18O2①②[12,14-15,17,21-22,26](E)-氧化芳樟醇 5(呋喃型)(E)-Linalool oxide39028-58-5C10H18O2①②[12,14-15,17,22,26]桉叶油醇Cineole470-82-6C10H18O①[12,17]石竹烯氧化物∗Caryophyllene oxide1139-30-6C15H24O①②④[14,17,20,22,25,30]倍半萜类烯类α-石竹烯∗α-Caryophyllene6753-98-6C15H24①[15,20-21]β-石竹烯∗β-Caryophyllene87-44-5C15H24①②[12,14,17,20,24]δ-杜松烯∗δ-Cadinene483-76-1C15H24①②[14,17-18,20-22,24,26]α-荜澄茄烯∗α-Cubebene17699-14-8C15H24①②[17-18,20,22,24-26]β-波旁烯∗β-Bourbonene5208-59-3C15H24①②③[12,14-15,17-18,21-22,24-29]γ-杜松烯∗γ-Cadinene39029-41-9C15H24①②③④[12,14,17,22,24,26,29-30]α-依兰油烯∗α-Muurolene10208-80-7C15H24①②④[12,14,17,20,22,24-26,30]γ-依兰油烯γ-Muurolene10208-81-8C15H24①④[12,14-15,17,20,30]α-古芸香烯∗α-Gurjunene489-40-7C15H24①②[12,17,20,22,24]愈创木烯∗Guaiene88-84-6C15H24①②③[12,14,25]大根香叶烯 DGermacrene D23986-74-5C15H24①②③④[12,15,17-18,20,22,24-25,30]别香橙烯Aromadendrene14682-34-9C15H24①[12,14,17,20-22]β-杜松烯β-Cadinene523-47-7C15H24①④[14,17,20,30]β-榄香烯β-Elemene515-13-9C15H24①②④[12,14,20-21,24,30]β-荜澄茄烯β-Cubebene13744-15-5C15H24①[12,17]α-榄香烯α-Elemene63929-10-2C15H24①[12,17,20]γ-芹子烯γ-Selinene515-17-3C15H24①[12,17]

续表1

注:①香叶天竺葵(Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit);②玫瑰天竺葵(Pelargonium roseum);③波旁天竺葵(Pelargonium asperum Bourbon);④豆蔻天竺葵[Pelargonium odoratissimum(L.)L’Her.ex Ait];* 天竺葵属植物典型成分。

类别名称英文名称CAS分子式来源文献芳香烃醇类α-杜松烯α-Cadinene24406-05-1C15H24①[12,17,20]α-芹子烯α-Selinene473-13-2C15H24①②[12,17,20,25]α-依兰烯α-Ylangene14912-44-8C15H24①[14]α-愈创木烯α-Guaiene3691-12-1C15H24①②[12,14-15,21,24]β-古芸烯β-Gurjunene73464-47-8C15H24①[14]6,9-愈创木二烯Guaia-6,9-diene36577-33-0C15H24①②③[15,21,25-26]氧化香橙烯Aromadendrene oxide85710-39-0C15H24O②③[25]依兰烯β-Ylangene20479-06-5C15H24①②③[12,20,25]去氢白菖蒲烯Calamenene483-77-2C15H22①[12,17]斯巴醇∗Spathulenol6750-60-3C15H24O①②③[20,22,25]喇叭茶醇∗Palustrol5986-49-2C15H26O①④[20,30]茅苍术醇Agarospirol1460-73-7C15H26O①[17]绿花白千层醇Viridiflorol552-02-3C15H26O①[17]八氢四甲基萘甲醇Rosifoliol63891-61-2C15H26O①[17]二萜类异植醇∗Isophytol505-32-8C20H40O④[30]酯类丁酸香茅酯∗Citronellyl Butyrate141-16-2C14H26O2①②③[12,14,17-18,21-22,25-26]惕各酸香叶酯∗Geranyl Tiglate7785-33-3C15H24O2①②③[12,14-15,17-18,21-22,24-25]丙酸香茅酯∗Citronellyl propanoate141-14-0C13H24O2①②③[12,14,17-18,22,25-26]异戊酸香叶酯Geranyl isovalerate109-20-6C15H26O2①③[14,17,21,25]丙酸香叶酯Geranyl propionate105-90-8C13H22O2①②③[12,17,21-22,25-26]丁酸香叶酯Geranyl butyrate106-29-6C14H24O2①②③[12,14-15,17-18,21-22,25-26]甲酸香茅酯Citronellyl formate105-85-1C11H20O2①②[12,14-15,17,21,25-29]惕各酸香茅酯Citronellyl tiglate24717-85-9C15H26O2①②③[14-15,17-18,21-22,25]甲酸香叶酯Geranyl formate105-86-2C11H18O2①②③[12,14-15,17-18,21-23,26,28-29]乙酸香茅酯Citronellyl acetate150-84-5C12H22O2①②③[14,17-18,21,25-26,28]惕各酸苯乙酯Phenylethyl tiglate55719-85-2C13H16O2①②③[12,14,22,25]2-甲基丁酸香叶酯Geranyl 2-methyl buty-rate68705-63-5C15H26O2①②[17,25]甲酸橙花酯Neryl formate2142-94-1C11H18O2②③[25]异己酸香茅酯3,7-Dimethyloct-6-enyl 4-methylvalerate71 662-18-5C16H30O2②③[25]异丁酸橙花酯Neryl isobutyrate2345-24-6C14H24O2②③[25]己酸橙花酯Neryl hexanoate68310-59-8C16H28O2②③[25]乙酸桃金娘酯Myrtenyl acetate35670-93-0C12H18O2②③[25]辛酸香叶酯Geranyl caprylate51532-26-4C18H32O2②③[25]乙酸香叶酯Geranyl acetate105-87-3C12H20O2①②④[17-18,21-22,25-26,30]烷烃类二十烷∗Icosane112-95-8C20H42③[25]二十四烷∗Tetracosane646-31-1C24H50③[25](烯)酮类6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮Sulcatone110-93-0C8H14O①[12,17]6-甲基-3,5-庚二烯-2-酮6-Methyl-3,5-heptadien-2-one1604-28-0C8H12O①②[12,17,28]醇类鲸蜡醇Hexadecan-1-ol36653-82-4C16H34O②[25]苯丙素类异丁香酚甲醚∗Isomethyleugenol93-16-3C11H14O2①④[12]甲基丁香酚∗Methyl eugenol93-15-2C11H14O2①④[21]杂环类糠醛∗Furfural98-01-1C5H4O2①[12,14]2,2,6-三甲基-6-乙烯基四氢吡喃Linalool oxide (pyranoid)39028-58-5C10H18O2①[17]

2 生物活性

2.1 抗菌抗病毒作用

2.1.1 抗细菌作用

天竺葵对一些常见的细菌病原体的生长有抑制作用,包括葡萄球菌属[38]细菌,如金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、木糖葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus xylosus)等以及肺炎克雷伯菌[39]、流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)、脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis)[40]等。OMAR等[41]用肉汤稀释法考察了天竺葵挥发油对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli O157∶H7) ATCC 93111、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium) ATCC 14028、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA) ATCC 43300和蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)ATCC 33018的抑菌能力,结果表明天竺葵挥发油对上述致病菌均显示出良好抑制作用,对MRSA的抑制作用最强。JARADAT等[42]也报道了从巴勒斯坦种植的天竺葵叶片中提取的挥发性成分对MRSA生长抑制作用甚至超过氨苄西林和环丙沙星。

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)感染是引起上消化道一系列疾病的独立的危险因子。IBRAHIM等[43]使用微孔稀释法评估了天竺葵挥发油对H.pylori的抑制作用,结果表明,天竺葵挥发油体外抑制H.pylori的最小抑制质量浓度为15.63 μg/mL;天竺葵挥发油与克拉霉素联用可显著增强对H.pylori的抑制能力。

2.1.2 抗真菌作用

天竺葵挥发性成分具有良好的体外抗真菌活性。徐雨生等[18]研究表明,香叶天竺葵挥发油对白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)的抑制作用显著,抑菌圈直径为(11.55±1.53) mm,可能与挥发油中含有香茅醇及香叶醇成分有关。MAHBOUBI 等[44]也考察了6个香叶天竺葵挥发油样本对31株临床来源C.albicans的体外抑制作用。DOS SANTOS等[45]对产自不同国家天竺葵挥发油的抗真菌作用进行了比较,并开发了含有此类天然抑菌成分的水凝胶纳米乳剂,研究发现,相比空白对照,含有香叶天竺葵挥发性成分的水凝胶纳米制剂显示出更高的抗真菌活性,被认为在治疗阴道念珠菌病方面有良好前景。

2.1.3 抗病毒作用

新冠肺炎疫情目前还没有标准化的治疗方法,重症治疗非常具有挑战性。最近的临床和体外研究显示,从天竺葵根中提取富含多酚的天然药物EPs® 7630能够有效抑制特定冠状病毒毒株的复制和细胞致病性,可用于COVID-19的预防和早期治疗[46]。此外,EPs® 7630对一些呼吸道病毒如季节性甲型流感病毒株(H1N1、H3N2)、呼吸道合胞病毒、人类冠状病毒、副流感病毒和柯萨奇病毒的复制有抑制作用,但不影响高致病性甲型禽流感病毒 (H5N1)、腺病毒或鼻病毒的复制[47]。天竺葵属植物挥发性成分对呼吸道病毒的抑制作用值得进一步关注。

2.1.4 协同抗菌作用

天竺葵挥发性成分及其他药物或化学成分具有协同抗菌作用。KAFA等[48]研究发现香叶天竺葵挥发油和多黏菌素抗生素之间的协同活性,香叶天竺葵挥发油具有良好的抗菌效果(5~20 μL/mL),并且能与迷迭香精油在大多数测试的细菌菌株中显示出强烈的协同活性。TERLIZZI等[49]研究发现含有天竺葵、Justicia adhatodaN-乙酰基-L-半胱氨酸组合的抗菌活性,发现该天然成分组合对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌具有很强的长期抑菌活性,这与天竺葵抗氧化活性有关,能够作为一种创新的药用植物衍生策略,用于管理基于氧化应激和微生物的疾病。此外,头状天竺葵挥发油与氟康唑或玫瑰草(Cymbopogon martini)挥发油合用具有协同抗真菌作用,分级抑菌浓度指数≤0.5[50]

2.2 抗炎作用

天竺葵属植物传统上被用来减轻皮肤炎症,常被用于消除暗疮,改善伤口感染等。细胞水平的研究表明,香叶天竺葵挥发油能显著影响脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的RAW264.7炎症细胞模型中白细胞介素-1β(interlukin-1β,IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎症因子的表达水平,且具有剂量依赖性,其高剂量组的抗炎效果与地塞米松组相近[18]。此外,AL-MIJALLI等[51]发现天竺葵挥发油对脂氧合酶有良好的抑制活性,其半抑制浓度(half inhibition concentration, IC50)为39.31 μg/mL,该酶主要用于催化脂肪酸氧化并产生炎症介质白三烯。BOUKHATEM等[52]也报道了天竺葵挥发油及其活性成分香茅醇均有很好的抗炎作用,IC50分别为4.63和0.74 mg/mL,具有稳定细胞膜作用,可抑制炎症介质释放。

上呼吸道感染是人类病毒引起的以上呼吸道炎症为特征的疾病。GÖKÇE等[53]报道的一项针对儿童的单盲随机对照研究发现,与安慰剂组相比,天竺葵可有效改善单纯性上呼吸道感染儿童的干咳、打喷嚏症状,并减轻咳嗽频率,可作为治疗上呼吸道感染的辅助用药,能有效减轻疾病的症状。CAREDDU等[54]系统综述了8项随机对照试验结果,证明天竺葵对急性支气管炎、急性扁桃体咽炎和急性呼吸道感染儿童和青少年的症状均有显著缓解作用,减少了可能相关的哮喘发作,且具有良好的安全性和耐受性。

天竺葵与传统中药黄连联合用药,在改善呼吸系统炎症方面有显著作用。MIN等[55]研究发现,天竺葵-黄连混合配方对卵白蛋白激发的哮喘小鼠模型具有剂量依赖性的有益作用,对各种炎症和过敏性指标有显著影响,有望作为新的治疗剂或作为包括哮喘在内的各种过敏性和炎症性呼吸系统疾病的药物成分。同样, PARK等[56]也研究了天竺葵和黄连组合物的体外、体内抗炎作用, 该药物组合通过减少NO、前列腺素 E2、TNF-α、IL-1β和 IL-6等促炎因子产生,抑制LPS诱导的RAW 264.7炎症细胞中的NF-κB信号,表现出抗炎作用;此外,该组合对角叉菜胶诱导的爪急性水肿大鼠模型中的爪肿胀、浸润性炎症细胞、肥大细胞脱粒、炎症因子COX-2、iNOS和 TNF-α等表达有显著抑制作用。因此,对天竺葵和黄连协同抗炎作用的研究可能有助于更好理解炎症反应调节的分子机制。

此外,ASGARIRAD 等[57]制备了天竺葵脂质体凝胶,发现对烧伤大鼠模型的伤口愈合有明显促进作用,与磺胺嘧啶银组和阴性对照组相比,天竺葵治疗组的烧伤面积最小。

2.3 抗氧化作用

ALONSO等[58]通过DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力和铁还原/抗氧化能力(ferric reducing/antioxidant power,FRAP)等方法,考察了天竺葵根、茎、叶、花等5种组织提取物抗氧化能力,结果表明天竺葵叶和花总提物的抗氧化能力强于其他组织;进一步实验表明,相比其它极性部位,天竺葵叶和花的乙酸乙酯部位对ABTS阳离子自由基的 IC50 值最低。此外,提取方法不同对天竺葵挥发性成分的抗氧化作用有明显影响。WEI等[59]报道,相比常规水蒸气蒸馏法,采用酶解-微波提取法得到的天竺葵挥发油对DPPH和ABTS阳离子自由基均具有更强清除能力,通过β-胡萝卜素漂白法评估的抗氧化活性也更高。体内研究方面,MARMOUZI等[60]采用单细胞动物梨形四膜虫细胞,通过检测抗氧化酶如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及脂质过氧化产物标记物丙二醛水平,评价了香叶天竺葵等单方及复方挥发油的抗氧化作用,香叶天竺葵挥发油能有效减少氧化应激和亚硝化应激,提高超氧化物歧化酶与谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力的同时降低丙二醛含量,增强抗氧化状态。

芳香植物通过水蒸气蒸馏法得到的挥发性成分经过油水分离器分层,其中油层部分为挥发油,水层部分为纯露[61]。任洪涛等[14]比较了香叶天竺葵挥发油和纯露的抗氧化活性,发现纯露对DPPH自由基和·OH的清除能力强于挥发油,这与两者挥发性成分的组成及含量差异有关;香叶天竺葵纯露主要以水溶性更大的萜醇类、萜酮类成分为主,而水溶性较小的萜烯酯类和萜烯类成分的相对含量较低。

氧化应激是糖尿病大血管病变的发病机制之一,对于研发能够预防糖尿病并发症的药物具有非常重要的意义。BASHKIN等[62]通过对41种植物进行抗糖尿病和抗氧化双重功能的筛选发现,天竺葵属表现出最高的抗糖尿病和抗氧化活性,不仅对α-淀粉酶有明显抑制作用,且具有强自由基清除活性,因而,可作为糖尿病患者的膳食补充剂,并且可以作为新的、天然的抗糖尿病候选药物的来源。此外,BEN ELHADJ ALI等[63]也报道了香叶天竺葵挥发油对α-淀粉酶的抑制作用以及对DPPH自由基和ABTS阳离子自由基清除作用。

芳香植物挥发油的抗氧化特性可提供光保护效果,用于药妆和防晒配方中以保护皮肤免受晒伤。LOHANI等[64]发现,天竺葵叶挥发油具有显著NO清除活性(85.15%),对DPPH自由基的清除效果与标准抗氧化剂相当(IC50=18.02 μg/mL),具有减少或预防氧化应激的潜力,可用于护肤方案,通过其抗氧化特性减缓皮肤老化。LOHANI[65]也通过体外抗氧化研究证实了天竺葵挥发油乙醇脂质体抗衰老潜力和光保护作用。

2.4 抗肿瘤作用

许多研究报道了天竺葵属植物成分的体外和体内抗肿瘤活性。IZUEGBUNA等[66]发现,小花天竺葵对急性白血病细胞U937和 Jurkat有明显毒性,与之前PEREIRA等[67]的研究结果一致,来自天竺葵的活性成分具有显著抗白血病细胞增殖作用,明显优于阳性对照药物5-氟尿嘧啶。EL-GARAWANI等[32]通过生物标志物测定、形态学观察、实时荧光定量PCR、免疫细胞化学及流式细胞周期分布分析,揭示了天竺葵油和茴香油联合抑制人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7的机制可能与2种挥发油中含有活性成分的协同作用诱导细胞周期停滞和细胞凋亡有关,而天竺葵油和茴香油组合物对正常人外周血淋巴细胞无显著毒性。REN等[68]研究了天竺葵等植物挥发油对MCF-7细胞活力、增殖、迁移和侵袭的可能影响,揭示了天竺葵油通过调节乳腺癌细胞中AMPK/mTOR 通路抑制肿瘤进展的机制。此外,YU等[69]报道了天竺葵油主要活性成分香茅醇可通过上调 TNF-α、RIP1/RIP3和下调 caspase-3/caspase-8 活性,致非小细胞肺癌细胞NCI-H1299坏死性凋亡。此外,研究还发现香茅醇能有效抑制BALB/c裸鼠腹腔注射NCI-H1299,4周后产生的皮下肿瘤。

临床研究也证实了天竺葵属植物在抗肿瘤治疗中的前景。一项针对 58 名化疗或放疗乳腺癌患者的随机双盲对照试验表明,由香叶天竺葵及几种具有免疫调节功能的传统中草药组成的复方制剂能显著缓解受试者治疗期间白细胞和中性粒细胞水平的降低[70]

2.5 缓解焦虑抑郁作用

调节情绪是天竺葵的传统用途之一。ABOUHOSSEINI TABARI等[71]通过高架十字迷宫、敞箱试验和强迫游泳试验,考察腹腔注射不同剂量天竺葵挥发油对模型小鼠焦虑和抑郁的改善程度。与对照组相比,天竺葵挥发油能显著增加小鼠开放臂进入次数和停留时间,提高敞箱试验中小鼠行为学得分,降低小鼠强迫游泳不动时间,具有明显抗焦虑和抑郁活性。临床研究方面,李祯[72]选取了云南地区90位在校大学生,通过抑郁自评量表等探讨了芳香疗法对抑郁的改善效果,发现0.5%天竺葵精油是最佳单方精油之一。

3 应用

天竺葵属植物挥发性成分因具有的抗菌、抗氧化和气味多样性等生物特性,在医药、食品等领域有良好的应用前景。表2列举了已申请专利保护的含天竺葵挥发油的组合物、制品及其应用情况。一些含有天竺葵挥发油的药物组合物被制成凝胶、敷贴、乳膏、软膏剂以及喷雾、气雾剂等,用于治疗和缓解阴道炎等妇科疾病、痛经、关节疼痛以及过敏性鼻炎等疾病症状。同时,含有天竺葵挥发油的衬垫、包装袋、包装薄膜、保鲜纸、微囊等制备技术在食品保鲜、包装及加工领域有广泛应用,可用于防止生鲜水产品和肉品等在生产、运输、贮藏、销售等过程的微生物污染,减少脂质过氧化反应,改善生物活性成分稳定性,延长货架期。含有天竺葵挥发油的制品还可增强食品适口性,显著提高食品品质。此外,KUJUR等[73]也报道了一种含有天竺葵挥发油的纳米凝胶可用于抑制储藏玉米中的真菌生长,降低玉米霉变风险,提高玉米的储藏安全,显著延长玉米保质期。

表2 含有天竺葵挥发油的组合物、制品及其用途

Table 2 Compositions and products containing geranium volatile oil and their applications

应用领域专利名称用途专利公开号医用药物一种高渗透性疼痛舒缓凝胶及其制备方法透皮给药去疼痛药物CN113181276A一种多肽护理抑菌凝胶及其制备方法妇科疾病药物CN112353866A一种长效中药冷敷贴用于收缩局部血管、镇痛、减轻炎症肿胀的冷敷贴CN213911443U治疗痛经的复方精油制剂及其制备方法和使用方法治疗痛经的复方精油制剂CN108815488A一种止痛的复方中药精油组合物及其制剂的制备方法缓解关节疼痛的中药制剂CN108653701A高保湿性的抗过敏鼻用药物组合物、其制备方法和应用抗过敏性鼻炎药物组合物及其制剂CN109276715A食品保鲜、包装及加工一种复方植物精油杀菌保鲜剂及其制备方法果蔬杀菌与保鲜剂CN111802448A一种应用于生鲜水产品和肉品保鲜的绿色缓释型保鲜衬垫的制备方法食品保鲜材料CN112544689A一种可降解的食品包装袋有抑菌保鲜性能的食品包装袋CN111040275A一种阻燃抑菌食品塑料包装袋阻燃抑菌食品塑料包装袋CN109096615A一种抗菌环保包装薄膜及其制备方法可延长食品货架期的抗菌环保包装薄膜CN108102322A一种能够指示生鲜食品新鲜度的吸水抗菌保鲜纸的制备方法具有指示功能的抗菌保鲜纸CN105167111A改善生物活性成分的稳定性和贮存期的连续多重微囊包封方法改善生物活性成分的稳定性和贮存期CN1917946A一种具有良好抗氧化和抑菌性能的玫瑰天竺葵精油微胶囊的制备方法抗氧化、抑菌CN113712144A增强食品组合物适口性的方法增强食品适口性CN101115402A

4 总结与展望

天竺葵属植物挥发性成分因具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤和抗焦虑抑郁等多种生物活性,受到国内外研究者的广泛关注,并在医药和食品领域表现出良好的应用前景。然而,由于天竺葵挥发性成分结构复杂,当前研究大多无法揭示其功效成分与生活活性之间的关系,量效关系不够明确,大部分挥发性成分的安全性研究缺乏,限制了其临床应用。其次,关于天竺葵挥发性成分的生物活性研究目前还大多处于效应层面,深入的分子机制研究很少,已有研究报道的机制比较单一,无法系统反映天竺葵复杂成分多靶点、多途径的网络作用机制。

未来天竺葵挥发性功效成分的研究可以有以下几个方向:(1)通过系统生物学研究方法,如代谢组学或转录组学等,从分子和基因转录水平深入研究其作用机制,并结合网络分析方法,从整体上探究天竺葵油和其代表性成分与其他药物或成分协同作用的疗效和机制;(2)探索天竺葵挥发性成分在其它领域的潜在临床价值;(3)通过微囊化或新型纳米技术[73],提高天竺葵挥发油稳定性,以利于进一步应用;(4)进一步开发基于天竺葵活性成分的功能性食品,增加食物风味并提升其健康益处。总之,天竺葵属芳香植物的功能研究与产品开发目前尚处于初级阶段,随着大健康产业的快速发展,该领域的未来发展前景广阔、潜力巨大。

参考文献

[1] BLEROT B, MARTINELLI L, PRUNIER C, et al.Functional analysis of four terpene synthases in rose-scented Pelargonium cultivars (Pelargonium×hybridum) and evolution of scent in the Pelargonium genus[J].Frontiers in Plant Science, 2018, 9:1435.

[2] LE ROUX M M.A taxonomic revision of the southern African species of Pelargonium section Peristera (Geraniaceae)[J].Phytotaxa, 2019, 418(2):119-157.

[3] MOYO M, VAN STADEN J.Medicinal properties and conservation of Pelargonium sidoides DC[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014, 152(2):243-255.

[4] BLADT S, WAGNER H.From the Zulu medicine to the European phytomedicine Umckaloabo®[J].Phytomedicine, 2007, 14:2-4.

[5] BRENDLER T, VAN WYK B E.A historical, scientific and commercial perspective on the medicinal use of Pelargonium sidoides (Geraniaceae)[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2008, 119(3):420-433.

[6] KOLODZIEJ H.Fascinating metabolic pools of Pelargonium sidoides and Pelargonium reniforme, traditional and phytomedicinal sources of the herbal medicine Umckaloabo®[J].Phytomedicine, 2007, 14:9-17.

[7] BUNSE M, DANIELS R, GRÜNDEMANN C, et al.Essential oils as multicomponent mixtures and their potential for human health and well-being[J].Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022, 13:956541.

[8] PLANT R M, DINH L, ARGO S, et al.The essentials of essential oils[J].Advances in Pediatrics, 2019, 66:111-122.

[9] SANGWAN N S, FAROOQI A H A, SHABIH F, et al.Regulation of essential oil production in plants[J].Plant Growth Regulation, 2001, 34(1):3-21.

[10] MOSTAFA S, WANG Y, ZENG W, et al.Floral scents and fruit aromas:Functions, compositions, biosynthesis, and regulation[J].Frontiers in Plant Science, 2022, 13:860157.

[11] DUBEY V S, BHALLA R, LUTHRA R.An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants[J].Journal of Biosciences, 2003, 28(5):637-646.

[12] 李源栋, 李娟, 田悦颖, 等.GC-MS分析香叶天竺葵及其炮制品中挥发油成分[J].中国食品添加剂, 2021(10):103-108.

LI Y D, LI J, TIAN Y Y, et al.Analysis of volatile oil in Pelargonium graveolens L.and its processed samples by GC/MS[J].China Food Additives, 2021(10):103-108.

[13] 刘建国, 蔡兰倩, 肖艳辉, 等.天竺葵纯露对番茄的化感效应及其成分分析[J].韶关学院学报, 2021, 42(6):48-54.

LIU J G, CAI L Q, XIAO Y H, et al.The allelopathy of geranium hydrosol on tomato and its analysis of chemical composition[J].Journal of Shaoguan University, 2021, 42(6):48-54.

[14] 任洪涛, 周斌.香叶天竺葵精油和纯露的挥发性成分分析及抗氧化活性评价[J].日用化学工业, 2017, 47(8):463-467.

REN H T, ZHOU B.Analysis of volatile components and antioxidation activity evaluation of essential oil and aqueous extract from Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit[J].China Surfactant Detergent &Cosmetics, 2017, 47(8):463-467.

[15] NICULAU E D S, ALVES P B, NOGUEIRA P C L, et al.Chemical profile and use of the peat as an adsorbent for extraction of volatile compounds from leaves of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit)[J].Molecules, 2020, 25(21):4923.

[16] BERGMAN M E, BHARDWAJ M, PHILLIPS M A.Cytosolic geraniol and citronellol biosynthesis require a Nudix hydrolase in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens)[J].The Plant Journal:for Cell and Molecular Biology, 2021, 107(2):493-510.

[17] 堵锡华, 王超, 李靖, 等.香叶天竺葵精油香气成分保留指数的神经网络研究[J].西南农业学报, 2018, 31(7):1379-1385.

DU X H, WANG C, LI J, et al.Research on predicting retention index of aroma components of essential oil from Pelargonium graveolens by neural network[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 31(7):1379-1385.

[18] 徐雨生, 郭时印, 申科, 等.云南香叶天竺葵挥发油GC-MS分析及其体外抑菌与抗炎活性研究[J].中国生物化学与分子生物学报, 2021, 37(11):1502-1509.

XU Y S, GUO S Y, SHEN K, et al.Chemical composition analysis of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functions of volatile oils from Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit[J].Chinese Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2021, 37(11):1502-1509.

[19] CAUGHEY-ESPINOZA D M M, AYALA-ASTORGA G I, BUITIMEA-CANTA G V, et al.Propagación y establecimiento de citronela (Pelargonium graveolens) bajo malla sombra[J].Idesia (Arica), 2020, 38(4):109-116.

[20] 朱恒星, 戴前莉, 卢敏, 等.5种天竺葵属芳香植物挥发性萜类成分的比较分析[J].分子植物育种, 2022:1-26.

ZHU H X, DAI Q L, LU M, et al.Comparative analysis on volatile terpenoids in five aromatic plants of Pelargonium[J].Molecular Plant Breeding, 2022, 1-26.

[21] NIKOLIC M, MARKOVIC T, MARKOVIC D, et al.Chemical composition and biological properties of Pelargonium graveolens, Leptospermum petersonii and Cymbopogon martinii var.motia essential oils and of Rosa centifolia absolute[J].Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 2021, 86(12):1291-1303.

[22] SINGH V R, VERMA R S, UPADHYAY R K, et al.Stable variety selection over locations and recommendations for rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’ Herit.ex Aiton.)[J].Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2018, 30(1):32-39.

[23] FEKRI N, EL AMIR D, OWIS A, et al.Studies on essential oil from rose-scented geranium, Pelargonium graveolens L’Hérit.(Geraniaceae)[J].Natural Product Research, 2019, 35(15):2593-2597.

[24] TABARI M A, YOUSSEFI M R, ESFANDIARI A, et al.Toxicity of β-citronellol, geraniol and linalool from Pelargonium roseum essential oil against the West Nile and filariasis vector Culex pipiens (Diptera:Culicidae)[J].Research in Veterinary Science, 2017, 114:36-40.

[25] 李珊珊, 郑开斌, 黄惠明, 等.玫瑰天竺葵与波旁天竺葵植物学性状及挥发油成分分析比较[J].中药材, 2018(2):358-364.

LI S S, ZHENG K B, HUANG H M, et al.Comparison of botanical traits and volatile oil composition of Pelargonium roseum and Pelargonium asperum Bourbon[J].Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials, 2018(2):358-364.

[26] TABARI M A, YOUSSEFI M R, NASIRI M, et al.Towards green drugs against cestodes:Effectiveness of Pelargonium roseum and Ferula gummosa essential oils and their main component on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces[J].Veterinary Parasitology, 2019, 266:84-87.

[27] YOHANA R, CHISULUMI P S, KIDIMA W, et al.Anti-mosquito properties of Pelargonium roseum (Geraniaceae) and Juniperus virginiana (Cupressaceae) essential oils against dominant malaria vectors in Africa[J].Malaria Journal, 2022, 21(1):219.

[28] DEHGHANKAR M, MALEKI-RAVASAN N, TAHGHIGHI A, et al.Bioactivities of rose-scented geranium nanoemulsions against the larvae of Anopheles stephensi and their gut bacteria[J].PLoS One, 2021, 16(2):e0246470.

[29] OUEDRHIRI W, BALOUIRI M, BOUHDID S, et al.Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Pelargonium asperum and Ormenis mixta essential oils and their synergistic antibacterial effect[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25(30):29860-29867.

[30] 殷鸿飞, 赵万莹, 刘穗君, 等.豆蔻天竺葵叶片挥发油成分分析及其在卷烟加香中的应用[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 52(5):784-788.

YIN H F, ZHAO W Y, LIU S J, et al.Analysis of essential oil from leaves of Pelargonium odoratissimum its application in cigarette[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 52(5):784-788.

[31] 高则睿, 张强, 毛俊妮, 等.GC-MS法分析天竺葵花瓣与茎叶的精油成分[J].江西农业学报, 2017, 05:72-76.

GAO Z R, ZHANG Q, MAO J N, et al.Analysis of essential oil compounds in petal, stem and leaf of Pelargonium graveolens by GC-MS[J].Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2017, 05:72-76.

[32] EL-GARAWANI I, EL NABI S H, NAFIE E, et al.Foeniculum vulgare and Pelargonium graveolens essential oil mixture triggers the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 Cells[J].Anti-cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 2019, 19(9):1103-1113.

[33] MIZUNO D, KAWAHARA M, KONOHA-MIZUNO K, et al.Enhancing cytotoxicity of tamoxifen using geranium oil[J].Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022, 2022:1-9.

[34] FAYOUMI L, KHALIL M, GHAREEB D, et al.Phytochemical constituents and therapeutic effects of the essential oil of rose geranium (Pelargonium hybrid) cultivated in Lebanon[J].South African Journal of Botany, 2022, 147:894-902.

[35] BERGMAN M E, CHVEZ , FERRER A, et al.Distinct metabolic pathways drive monoterpenoid biosynthesis in a natural population of Pelargonium graveolens[J].Journal of Experimental Botany, 2020, 71(1):258-271.

[36] CHRYSARGYRIS A, MIKALLOU M, PETROPOULOS S, et al.Profiling of essential oils components and polyphenols for their antioxidant activity of medicinal and aromatic plants grown in different environmental conditions[J].Agronomy, 2020, 10(5):727.

[37] SONG C F, MA L, ZHAO J Y, et al.Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae) to volatiles from a non-host plant, geranium, Pelargonium × hortorum (Geraniaceae)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2022, 70(20):5982-5992.

[38] PIOTR S, MAGDALENA Z, JOANNA P, et al.Essential oils as potential anti-staphylococcal agents[J].Acta Veterinaria, 2018, 68(1):95-107.

[39] DUMLUPINAR B, EKER KARATOPRAK G, DAMAR CELIK D, et al.Synergic potential of Pelargonium endlicherianum Fenzl.Essential oil and antibiotic combinations against Klebsiella pneumoniae[J].South African Journal of Botany, 2020, 135:117-126.

[40] DUMLUPINAR B, CELIK D D, KARATOPRAK G , et al.Synergy between Pelargonium endlicherianum essential oil and conventional antibiotics against Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae[J].South African Journal of Botany, 2022, 146:243-253.

[41] OMAR H S, ELSAYED T R, REYAD N E H A, et al.Gene-targeted molecular phylogeny, phytochemical analysis, antibacterial and antifungal activities of some medicinal plant species cultivated in Egypt[J].Phytochemical Analysis, 2021, 32(5):724-739.

[42] JARADAT N, HAWASH M, QADI M, et al.Chemical markers and pharmacological characters of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil from Palestine[J].Molecules, 2022, 27(17):5721.

[43] IBRAHIM M A, SALLEM O W, ABDELHASSIB M R, et al.Potentiation of anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of clarithromycin by Pelargonium graveolens oil[J].Arab Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021, 22(3):224-228.

[44] MAHBOUBI M, MAHDIZADEH E, HEIDARYTABAR R.The anti-candidal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils against clinical isolates of Candida albicans[J].Infectio, 2017, 22(1):9-12.

[45] DOS SANTOS M K, KREUTZ T, DANIELLI L J, et al.A chitosan hydrogel-thickened nanoemulsion containing Pelargonium graveolens essential oil for treatment of vaginal candidiasis[J].Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2020, 56:101527.

[46] GAJEWSKI A, KOMIDER A, NOWACKA A, et al.Potential of herbal products in prevention and treatment of COVID-19.Literature review[J].Biomedecine &Pharmacotherapie, 2021, 143:112150.

[47] MICHAELIS M, DOERR H W, CINATL J Jr.Investigation of the influence of EPs® 7630, a herbal drug preparation from Pelargonium sidoides, on replication of a broad panel of respiratory viruses[J].Phytomedicine, 2011, 18(5):384-386.

[48] KAFA A H T, ASLAN R, CELIK C, et al.Antimicrobial synergism and antibiofilm activities of Pelargonium graveolens, Rosemary officinalis, and Mentha piperita essential oils against extreme drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates[J].Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C, 2022, 77(3-4):95-104.

[49] TERLIZZI M, COLARUSSO C, DI MAIO U, et al.The combination of N-acetyl-L-cysteine, Pelargonium sidoides and Justicia adhatoda (NAXX) exerts bacteriostatic activity against S.aureus and E.coli[J].Natural Product Research, 2021, 35(23):5360-5363.

[50] ANGIOLELLA L.Synergistic activity of Pelargonium capitatum and Cymbopogon martini essential oils against C.albicans[J].Natural Product Research, 2021, 35(24):5997-6001.

[51] AL-MIJALLI S H, MRABTI H N, ASSAGGAF H, et al.Chemical profiling and biological activities of Pelargonium graveolens essential oils at three different phenological stages[J].Plants, 2022, 11(17):2226.

[52] BOUKHATEM M N, SUDHA T, DARWISH N H E, et al.Rose-scented geranium essential oil from Algeria (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hérit.):Assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties against different metastatic cancer cell lines[J].Annales Pharmaceutiques Francaises, 2022, 80(3):383-396.

[53] GÖKÇE , DÖRTKARDELER B E, YURTSEVEN A, et al.Effectiveness of Pelargonium sidoides in pediatric patients diagnosed with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection:A single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study[J].European Journal of Pediatrics, 2021, 180(9):3019-3028.

[54] CAREDDU D, PETTENAZZO A.Pelargonium sidoides extract EPs 7630:A review of its clinical efficacy and safety for treating acute respiratory tract infections in children[J].International Journal of General Medicine, 2018, 11:91-98.

[55] MIN B G, PARK S M, CHOI Y W, et al.Effects of Pelargonium sidoides and Coptis rhizoma 2∶1 mixed formula (PS+CR) on ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice[J].Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 2020:1-14.

[56] PARK S M, MIN B G, JUNG J Y, et al.Combination of Pelargonium sidoides and Coptis chinensis root inhibits nuclear factor kappa B-mediated inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo[J].BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018, 18(1):1-13.

[57] ASGARIRAD H, TEHRANI BB, AZADBAKHT M, et al.Wound Healing properties of Pelargonium Graveolens L’Hér extract lipogel:In vivo evaluation in an animal burn model[J].Current Drug Delivery, 2023, 20(5):601-607.

[58] ALONSO A M, REYES-MALDONADO O K, PUEBLA-PÉREZ A M, et al.GC/MS analysis, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial effect of Pelargonium peltatum (Geraniaceae)[J].Molecules, 2022, 27(11):3436.

[59] WEI L, YANG H Y, LI H, et al.Comparison of chemical composition and activities of essential oils from fresh leaves of Pelargonium graveolens L’Herit.extracted by hydrodistillation and enzymatic pretreatment combined with a solvent-free microwave extraction method[J].Industrial Crops and Products, 2022, 186:115204.

[60] MARMOUZI I, KARYM E M, ALAMI R, et al.Modulatory effect of Syzygium aromaticum and Pelargonium graveolens on oxidative and sodium nitroprusside stress and inflammation[J].Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 2019, 19(2):201-210.

[61] HAMEDI A, MOHEIMANI S M, SAKHTEMAN A, et al.An overview on indications and chemical composition of aromatic waters (hydrosols) as functional beverages in Persian nutrition culture and folk medicine for hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular conditions[J].Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary &Alternative Medicine, 2017, 22(4):544-561.

[62] BASHKIN A, GHANIM M, ABU-FARICH B, et al.Forty-one plant extracts screened for dual antidiabetic and antioxidant functions:Evaluating the types of correlation between α-amylase inhibition and free radical scavenging[J].Molecules, 2021, 26(2):317.

[63] BEN ELHADJ ALI I, TAJINI F, BOULILA A, et al.Bioactive compounds from Tunisian Pelargonium graveolens (L’Hér.) essential oils and extracts:α-amylase and acethylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant, antibacterial and phytotoxic activities[J].Industrial Crops and Products, 2020, 158:112951.

[64] LOHANI A, MISHRA A K, VERMA A.Cosmeceutical potential of geranium and calendula essential oil:Determination of antioxidant activity and in vitro sun protection factor[J].Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 2019, 18(2):550-557.

[65] LOHANI A, VERMA A, HEMA G, et al.Topical delivery of geranium/calendula essential oil-entrapped ethanolic lipid vesicular cream to combat skin aging[J].BioMed Research International, 2021, 2021:4593759.

[66] IZUEGBUNA O, OTUNOLA G A, BRADLEY G.GC-MS profiling and antineoplastic activity of Pelargonium inquinans ait leaves on acute leukaemia cell lines U937 and jurkat[J].Nutrition and Cancer, 2022, 74(5):1849-1871.

[67] PEREIRA A, BESTER M, SOUNDY P, et al.Anti-proliferative properties of commercial Pelargonium sidoides tincture, with cell-cycle G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis in Jurkat leukaemia cells[J].Pharmaceutical Biology, 2016, 54(9):1831-1840.

[68] REN P, REN X A, CHENG L, et al.Frankincense, pine needle and geranium essential oils suppress tumor progression through the regulation of the AMPK/mTOR pathway in breast cancer[J].Oncology Reports, 2018, 39(1):129-137.

[69] YU W N, LAI Y J, MA J W, et al.Citronellol induces necroptosis of human lung cancer cells via TNF-α pathway and reactive oxygen species accumulation[J].In Vivo, 2019, 33(4):1193-1201.

[70] ZHUANG S R, CHIU H F, CHEN S L, et al.Effects of a Chinese medical herbs complex on cellular immunity and toxicity-related conditions of breast cancer patients[J].British Journal of Nutrition, 2012, 107(5):712-718.

[71] ABOUHOSSEINI TABARI M, HAJIZADEH MOGHADDAM A, MAGGI F, et al.Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of Pelargonium roseum essential oil on Swiss albino mice:Possible involvement of serotonergic transmission[J].Phytotherapy Research, 2018, 32(6):1014-1022.

[72] 李祯. 不同植物精油及其浓度对改善大学生网瘾和抑郁的研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学, 2018.

LI Z.Effect of species and concentrations of essential oils from different flowers on the Internet addiction and depression of undergraduate[D].Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology, 2018.

[73] KUJUR A, KUMAR A, YADAV A, et al.Antifungal and aflatoxin B1 inhibitory efficacy of nanoencapsulated Pelargonium graveolens L.essential oil and its mode of action[J].LWT, 2020, 130:109619.

Research progress on volatile constituents and biological activities of Pelargonium

ZHU Jiamin1, GU Keru1, ZHAO Linjing1*, CAO Tingwei1, SHEN Fanni1, XU Huihan1, LI Qi2*, FENG Meiqing3

1(College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China)2(Shanghai Leiyunshang Pharmaceutical Co.Ltd., Shanghai 201401, China)3(School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China)

ABSTRACT Pelargonium, which are the aromatic plants of the Geraniaceae family, consist of rich volatile constituents including monoterpenes and their oxides, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, etc., and have wide biological activities and promising application prospect. In this paper, the volatile compounds extracted from Pelargonium. and their effects on antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, relieving anxiety, and depression reported at home and abroad in recent years were systematically reviewed, and their applications in medicine and food preservation, packaging, and processing technology were summarized, which could provide a theoretical basis for further research and rational development and utilization of the medicinal and edible plant resource.

Key words Pelargonium; volatile constituents; biological activities

DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.033974

引用格式:朱佳敏,顾珂如,赵琳静,等.天竺葵属植物挥发性成分和生物活性的研究进展[J].食品与发酵工业,2023,49(15):326-335.ZHU Jiamin, GU Keru, ZHAO Linjing, et al.Research progress on volatile constituents and biological activities of Pelargonium[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2023,49(15):326-335.

第一作者:朱佳敏(硕士研究生)与顾珂如(硕士研究生)为共同第一作者(赵琳静副教授和李琦正高级工程师为共同通信作者,E-mail:ljzhao@sues.edu.cn;liq@shlys.com)

基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31701032);上海市大学生创新训练项目(cs2104007)

收稿日期:2022-10-14,改回日期:2023-04-12