花青素pH响应型智能包装及其在食品新鲜度监测中的应用

曾俊1,2*,任小娜1,2,魏健2,吴江超1,2

1(喀什大学 生命与地理科学学院,新疆 喀什,844000)2(新疆帕米尔高原生物资源与生态重点实验室,新疆 喀什,844000)

摘 要 随着消费者对食品安全和质量的要求不断提高,以及食品包装技术的发展进步,近年来食品智能包装发展迅速。pH响应型智能包装能通过感知食物或其周围pH值的变化产生颜色反应实现对食物新鲜程度和腐败程度的反馈,是研究的热点。花青素因其获得简便、安全性高和优异的pH响应性等特点被广泛研究。该文介绍了花青素的来源及结构,阐述了花青素在不同pH值下的变色机理,总结了基于花青素或富含花青素提取物的pH响应型智能膜的制备方法和其在食品新鲜度监测中的应用,指出了其在应用中的局限性及研究趋势。

关键词 花青素;pH响应;智能包装;新鲜度;变色机理

食品在加工、流通和贮藏过程中,包装是非常重要的一个工序。包装的主要目的是保护食品免受外部环境的危害,延长食品的贮存期[1]。但目前常见的食品包装并不能主动显示食品的真实质量信息。智能包装是一种将智能功能与常规包装相结合的包装系统,具有感知、检测、记录产品外部或内部变化的功能[2]。pH响应型智能包装因其成本低、体积小、制备方便和指示效果好等优点而备受关注。

用于pH响应的指示剂可以分为合成和天然指示剂2种类型。合成指示剂主要有甲基红、甲酚红、溴甲酚绿、溴甲酚紫、溴百里酚蓝等[3-4]。大多数合成指示剂具有一定的毒性,难降解,对环境不友好,而且合成指示剂的使用会增加食品安全的隐患。因此,有必要寻找可再生、无毒的天然指示剂来替代合成指示剂。与合成指示剂相比,天然指示剂具有来源广、成本低、安全性高等优点。近年来,多种天然指示剂如花青素、姜黄素等[5]作为指示物在智能包装中被使用[6-8]。花青素因其来源广泛,pH响应范围广、安全可靠、以及具有抑菌和抗氧化等特性而被广泛研究[9-10]。本文对花青素的来源、结构及变色机理进行了阐述,总结了以花青素或富含花青素的提取物为指示剂的pH响应智能包装膜的制备方法和应用,并对其应用局限性和研究方向进行了分析和展望。

1 花青素的来源及结构

花青素是一类多酚类的黄酮化合物,广泛存在于花、水果、蔬菜和精选谷物中,使其呈现出不同的颜色,如,橙色、蓝色、紫色、粉色和红色[11-12]。花青素的分子质量为400~1 200,其基本结构是2-苯基苯并吡喃的糖基化多羟基或聚甲氧基衍生物。羟基的数量、羟基的甲基化程度以及附着在分子上的糖基的性质和数量造成花青素在结构上的差异[13],同时,附着在糖上的脂肪酸或芳香酸的位置、性质和数量同样也影响着花青素的结构。天然花青素主要有矢车菊素、芍药素、牵牛花素、锦葵素、天竺葵素、飞燕草素6种[14],其在植物中的分布为:矢车菊素50%,飞燕草素12%,芍药素12%,天竺葵素12%,锦葵素7%和牵牛花素7%[15-16]

2 花青素的变色机理

黄酮离子是花青素的显色基团,它对pH具有高度的敏感性和不稳定性。在不同的pH值溶液中,由于离子结构的转变使花青素呈现出不同的结构和颜色。在高酸性条件下(pH<3),黄酮离子的存在使花青素溶液呈现红色、紫色或橙色。随着pH值的增加,黄酮离子在2号位置水化的可能性增加,羟基发生质子转移反应,黄酮离子在pH值为4~5时转化为甲醇假碱,呈现为无色或淡粉色,并在pH值为6~7时重新排列其结构,形成共振稳定的醌基形式。在pH值为7~8时醌基进一步脱质子,形成阴离子醌基,使溶液呈现出蓝色。在pH>8时形成查尔酮结构,溶液颜色加深,呈现出深褐色[17-18]

3 花青素pH响应型智能包装膜的制备方法

在以花青素作为指示剂制备pH响应型智能包装膜的研究报道中,制膜的方法主要有溶液浇铸、静电纺丝、纳米颗粒包埋、热压和挤压法等[16,19]

3.1 溶液浇铸法

溶液浇铸法是制备pH响应智能包装膜研究中使用最广泛的方法,将配制好的膜液浇铸在磨具上,在室温或者特定的温度下干燥成膜,并将成型的膜置于特定的相对湿度的环境中存放一段时间后再进行应用。该方法操作简单,成本低,非常适合实验室规模的制备和应用。天然花青素的热稳定性较低,在热压或挤压过程中容易因产生的高温而分解,因此,溶液浇铸法有利于维持花青素的稳定[20-22]。溶液浇铸法由于成膜的时间长,处理量少,很难实现大规模的工业生产。CHEN等[23]从甘薯中提取花青素作为指示剂,采用溶液浇铸技术制备了牛至精油-纤维素纳米纤维的pH响应纳米纤维包装膜。在pH值为2~12时,纳米包装膜的颜色由红色变化到黄色。EZATI等[24]采用溶液浇铸法制备了富含花青素的茜草色素-壳聚糖pH响应复合膜,并用于检测鱼肉的品质变化。在酸性条件下膜呈现出微黄色,随着鱼肉贮存时间的延长,膜变为浅棕色,表明变质开始,最后复合膜呈紫色,表明鱼肉完全变质。ZHANG等[25]基于溶液铸造技术,研制出含游离和微胶囊包埋的桑渣提取物的车前籽胶pH响应膜。该智能膜在pH值为2~12时表现出较大的红蓝色差。桑渣提取物的加入使包装膜具有较好的性能和经济性,是非常具有潜力的活性、pH敏感的食品包装材料。

3.2 静电纺丝法

静电纺丝是一种用于制备聚合物纳米纤维的技术,在强电场作用下,将不同的大分子均匀地电纺成数纳米量级的超细纤维。因此,静电纺丝法制备的纳米复合纤维具有比表面积大、孔隙率高、孔径小、吸光度高等特点,是pH响应型复合膜的潜在候选材料[26-27]。DUAN等[28]采用静电纺丝技术,以姜黄素和花青素为指示剂,普鲁兰多糖和甲壳素纳米纤维为基质,研制了主动智能的静电纺丝纳米纤维包装膜。在pH敏感性方面,仅含有姜黄素的纳米纤维膜对pH响应不敏感,仅含花青素和2种指示剂均有的纳米纤维膜颜色随着pH值的变化发生显著变化。KUNTZLER等[29]利用静电纺丝技术,采用螺旋藻提取物作为指示剂,以聚乳酸和聚氧化乙烯为膜液制备出智能纳米纤维膜。智能膜的颜色在不同pH值下呈现出从棕色到绿色的变化。MAFTOONAZAD等[27]采用静电纺丝技术制备了聚乙烯醇和红甘蓝提取物的纳米纤维pH感应膜,并用于评价新鲜枣果的质量。随着鲜枣pH值的降低,膜的颜色由紫色变成深紫色,表明鲜枣完全腐败。

3.3 纳米颗粒包埋法

花青素容易受温度、光、pH、氧气等因素影响而发生降解,采用纳米颗粒或纳米聚合物包埋技术,可增强其稳定性,并提高其颜色变化的显著性。在pH指示剂的开发中,纤维素纳米纤维、结冷胶、壳聚糖、淀粉等天然生物聚合物通常作为结构复合材料来承载和稳定指示剂[30]。ZHANG等[31]利用壳聚糖和TiO2纳米颗粒,以黑李皮提取物为pH指示剂,开发出一种pH响应食品包装膜。在不同的pH值下,复合膜呈现出3种不同的颜色,pH值2~6时为红色,pH值7~12时为蓝色,pH值13时为暗黄色。壳聚糖-TiO2纳米颗粒的存在有助于保护食品免受紫外和可见光的辐照,也便于观察颜色变化。研究表明该pH响应包装膜可用于评价易变质食品的新鲜度或变质程度。

3.4 热压、挤压法

热压和挤压法是采用热压机或挤压机将含有指示剂的膜液压缩成膜。该方法可用于包装薄膜的大规模生产,但在热压和挤压过程中容易产生高温使指示剂分解,降低其敏感性或失去指示性能。这是制约含天然指示剂的pH响应智能膜大规模生产的主要因素之一。URANGA等[32]将红甘蓝中分离出来的花青素与明胶混合,采用热压法制备活性膜。与明胶膜相比,其抗氧化活性、力学性能和疏水性均有所提高,但光学性能略有下降,水蒸气渗透性提高。GUTIÉRREZ等[33]以玉米淀粉、蓝莓提取物和纳米粘土为原料,采用挤压法制备pH响应膜。挤出膜未呈现出良好的pH响应性能,这可能是因挤压过程中色素的降解所致。

4 花青素pH响应型智能包装膜在食品新鲜 度监测中的应用

食品在贮藏的过程中,随着食物质量的变化,食物的pH值也会改变。因此,pH值检测是评判食品新鲜或变质程度的一种方法。在这方面,使用pH响应包装是实现对食品质量实时监测的一种简便易行的方法。食品在贮存期品质变化时会发生一系列生物或化学反应,产生有机酸、挥发性含氮化合物或硫衍生物等物质,可与指示剂作用,使指示剂呈现出明显的颜色变化,以实时监控食品品质[34-36]。以花青素为指示剂的pH响应智能包装已被广泛研究应用于各类食品的包装中。目前的研究报道主要集中在对肉制品、奶制品和水产品等食品的新鲜度监测。

4.1 肉制品

pH的改变是生鲜肉腐败变质的一个重要的表现因素。挥发性胺类等是肉类在贮存过程中因微生物降解而产生的代谢物质,此类代谢产物会导致肉制品及其包装环境的pH发生显著的变化[37-38]。GUO等[39]将甜菜根提取物加入西瓜皮果胶中制备pH敏感指示剂膜,并用于监测冷藏牛肉在贮藏过程中品质的变化。智能膜在较宽的pH值(3~10)范围内均表现出明显的颜色响应。在对冷藏牛肉的监控中,随着冷藏牛肉的腐败变质,膜的颜色由第0天的粉红色变为第8天的棕色,这表明该智能膜在冷鲜牛肉品质监测的应用方面具有很大的潜力。ZHU等[40]采用从葡萄皮和山竹皮中提取的天然花青素为指示剂,以木薯淀粉和聚乙烯醇为基质制备了智能pH指示膜。在猪肉贮藏期的监测中,添加了葡萄皮花青素智能膜的颜色呈现出由粉色、蓝色、紫色到黄色的变化,含有山竹皮花青素的智能膜的颜色显示出浅黄色、亮黄色、绿色到深绿色的变化,表明这2种pH响应包装膜可用于监测猪肉的新鲜度。ZHANG等[41]通过将负载花青素的卵蛋白-海藻酸丙二醇纳米复合物加入到聚乙烯醇中制备智能包装膜,并将其应用于监测猪肉的新鲜度。随着猪肉新鲜度的降低,膜的颜色呈现出由紫红色到深蓝色的显著变化,表明其可以用于实时监测肉制品的新鲜度。KOSHY等[42]利用碳点和蝶豆花花青素制备出智能淀粉基生物高分子薄膜。随着猪肉贮存时间的延长,薄膜的颜色从紫色变为绿色。该膜具有灵敏的pH指示性,可用于检测包装猪肉的新鲜度。

4.2 奶制品

奶制品在贮存过程中由于微生物的降解代谢使奶制品的pH值发生变化。PIRSA等[43]采用石榴皮提取物和香蜂草精油作为活性成分,以壳聚糖为基质制备了抗菌生物可降解复合膜并用于奶酪腐败监测。随着贮藏时间的延长和贮藏温度的升高,奶酪的pH值发生变化,因石榴皮中花青素的存在使复合膜的颜色从蓝色变为红色,且变化是肉眼可见的,表明该复合膜可以用来估计奶酪的保质期。MOAZAMI-GOODARZI等[44]将黑胡萝卜花青素固定在淀粉基质中制备了一种智能新鲜度指示标签。制备的标签在4、20 ℃避光和20 ℃光照条件下保存一个月后,在不同的pH值下仍具有显著的颜色变化,且颜色具有良好的稳定性。在对巴氏杀菌后牛奶的贮存监测中发现,该指示标签可以实现对鲜奶储藏时开始腐败和完全腐败的过程监测。

4.3 水产品新鲜度监测

目前关于水产品新鲜度的监测报道主要集中在鱼、虾这两类食品中。鱼和虾在腐败时会产生挥发性的含氮化合物。挥发性含氮化合物呈碱性,对pH值影响较大,因此,可采用pH敏感膜监测这类食品中的挥发性含氮化合物的含量以实现对新鲜度的监测[45]。NAGHDI等[46]向马铃薯淀粉膜中加入甜菜花青素制备出对pH和氨敏感的食品包装标签。在对鲈鱼4 ℃贮存的监测中,随着总挥发性氮的增加,标签的颜色从粉色变为黄色。EZE等[47]以壳聚糖和紫莓香米的酚类提取物为原料,研制了一种多功能比色指示剂膜。该比色膜在pH值为2~12对挥发性氨有显著的颜色变化。将其应用于鲜虾保鲜时,该膜因虾的变质颜色由橙红色变为黄色,表明该膜具有应用于现场视觉检测海鲜新鲜度的潜力。WEN等[48]以TEMPO氧化细菌纤维素为基质,采用富含花青素的百里香和紫薯提取物作为指示剂,制备了一种智能活性膜。在对鲜虾保鲜研究中发现,经过3个周期后,膜仍保持良好的抗氧化、抗菌和显色反应性能。BAO等[49]以马铃薯淀粉为底物,蓝莓花青素为指示剂,制备pH敏感的食品新鲜度指示膜。在4 ℃下应用于虾的新鲜度监测,指示膜灵敏地呈现出由粉红色到浅灰色,最后到灰绿色的视觉可见的颜色变化,为虾的新鲜度监测提供了一种新颖、高灵敏度的方法。

4.4 花青素pH响应智能包装膜的局限性

花青素具有来源广泛、价格低廉、易于与壳聚糖、纤维素或淀粉等环保型水基聚合物结合的优势。花青素pH响应膜在监测肉类、奶制品和水产品等食品的新鲜度方面显示出巨大的潜力。然而目前仅局限在实验室规模的研究和应用。这可能是由于,首先花青素具有不稳定性,对温度、pH、氧气、光等环境因素敏感,在智能膜的制备过程中易发生降解;其次,目前各种制膜工艺均存在相应的缺陷,如,溶液浇铸、静电纺丝和纳米颗粒包埋法不适合大规模生产,而热压、挤压法容易产生高温而造成花青素的降解。这使得花青素pH响应智能包装在实际应用方面仍面临诸多挑战。ZHAI等[50]利用结冷胶、明胶和红萝卜花青素制备出智能膜,在相对湿度75%和荧光灯下对不同温度下贮存30 d的花青素智能膜的颜色稳定性进行了测试。随着膜贮藏时间的延长,红色逐渐褪去,随着贮藏温度的升高,变色更加明显。花青素在高温下变色是由于氧化反应和其较低的热稳定性造成的,这将降低膜在监测时的敏感性。CHAYAVANICH等[51]研究了加入红萝卜花青素的明胶-淀粉基智能膜的稳定性。由于花青素的热稳定性较低,膜的颜色在室温下比在冷藏温度下更不稳定。因此,寻找提高花青素稳定性的方法、优化和开发新的制膜工艺、研究提高膜的贮藏性能等,以实现工业化生产和应用将成为今后花青素pH响应智能包装的研究方向。

5 结论

智能包装除了具有常规包装的功能外,还兼具对食品质量信息监测和反馈等功能而备受关注。pH响应型智能包装是智能包装中一种简便快捷、可以无损监测食品新鲜度的方法,为监测和反馈食品的新鲜度和腐败程度提供新的策略。花青素来源广泛、无毒、pH响应范围宽、具有抗氧化和抑菌等功能特点,在pH响应型智能包装中被广泛研究。花青素pH响应型智能包装膜在对肉制品、奶制品和水产品的储存期新鲜度检测中表现出显著的颜色变化,在食品新鲜度监控方面显示出很大的发展潜力。但是由于花青素的不稳定性和当前的制膜技术不够成熟,限制了由其制备的智能包装在消费市场中的普遍应用,这也为今后的研究趋势明确了方向。

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Anthocyanin based pH responsive intelligent packaging and its application in food freshness monitoring

ZENG Jun1,2*,REN Xiaona1,2,WEI Jian2,WU Jiangchao1,2

1(College of Life and Geographic Sciences, Kashi University, Kashi 844000, China) 2(Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecology of Pamirs Plateau in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Kashi 844000, China)

ABSTRACT With the increasing requirements of consumers for food safety and quality, and the development and progress of food packaging technology, intelligent food packaging has developed rapidly in recent years. The pH-responsive food packaging hasbecome the focus of research due to realizing the feedback of freshness and spoilage of food by sensing the change of pH value of food or its surroundings. Anthocyanins have been widely studied because of their ease to obtain, high safety, and excellent pH responsiveness. In this study, the source and structure of anthocyanins were introduced, and the discoloration mechanism of anthocyanins under different pH values was described.The preparation method of pH-responsive intelligent membrane based on anthocyanins or rich in anthocyanin extract and its application in food freshness monitoring were summarized in detail. Finally, limitations in application and research trends of the pH response intelligent film were discussed.

Key words anthocyanins; pH-response; intelligent packaging; freshness; discoloration mechanism

DOI:10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.030525

引用格式:曾俊,任小娜,魏健,等.花青素pH响应型智能包装及其在食品新鲜度监测中的应用[J].食品与发酵工业,2023,49(2):333-338.ZENG Jun,REN Xiaona,WEI Jian, et al.Anthocyanin based pH responsive intelligent packaging and its application in food freshness monitoring[J].Food and Fermentation Industries,2023,49(2):333-338.

第一作者:硕士,讲师(通信作者,E-mail:273486237@qq.com)

基金项目:新疆维吾尔自治区科技计划项目(2021D01B07);喀什大学校内课题(19-2645);喀什地区科技计划项目(KS2022063)

收稿日期:2021-12-20,改回日期:2022-02-10