β-Galactosidase, also known as lactase, widely exists in bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and other microorganisms. Its main function is lactose hydrolysis and synthesis of galactooligosaccharides. The production of low-lactose milk and other dairy products by β-galactosidase has become the most effective way to solve the problem of lactose intolerance. However, the optimal temperature of the commercialized β-galactosidase galactosidase is mostly high, and the requirements for pH are relatively strict, it can cause high production cost and high energy consumption. Cold-adapted β-galactosidase has high enzyme activity at low temperature and is widely used in food industry, especially in dairy industry. Especially, it hydrolyzes lactose at low temperature to produce low-lactose or lactose-free dairy products for lactose-intolerant people consumption, it also reduces production cost and energy. In this review, the microorganism source of β-galactosidase, enzyme characteristics and catalytic characteristics are described. Then, the microorganism source cold-adapted β-galactosidase, characteristics, cold tolerance mechanism, and industrial application are reviewed.
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