[1] IIZUKA K.Is the use of artificial sweeteners beneficial for patients with diabetes mellitus? The advantages and disadvantages of artificial sweeteners[J].Nutrients, 2022, 14(21):4446.
[2] ZANI F, BLAGIH J, GRUBER T, et al.The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses[J].Nature, 2023, 615(7953):705-711.
[3] World Health Organization.Use of Non-Sugar Sweeteners:Who Guideline[M].Geneva:World Health Organization, 2023.
[4] SHARIFIFAR F, ASHRAFZADEH A, KAVIRIMANESH KHANAMAN M.A review of natural peptide sweeteners[J].International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics, 2022, 28(6):158.
[5] 甘利平, 赵宜丰, 洪图, 等.功能性甜味剂对肥胖的作用及相关机制[J].食品科学, 2024,45(9):252-260.
GAN L P, ZHAO Y F, HONG T, et al.The roles of functional sweetener in the process of obesity[J].Food Science, 2024,45(9):252-260.
[6] SARAIVA A, CARRASCOSA C, RAHEEM D, et al.Maltitol:Analytical determination methods, applications in the food industry, metabolism and health impacts[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(14):5227.
[7] ORTIZ S R, FIELD M S.Mammalian metabolism of erythritol:A predictive biomarker of metabolic dysfunction[J].Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2020, 23(5):296-301.
[8] ARRIGONI E, BROUNS F, AMADÒ R.Human gut microbiota does not ferment erythritol[J].The British Journal of Nutrition, 2005, 94(5):643-646.
[9] 方婷, 徐馨, 曲梦影, 等.代糖与健康的研究进展[J].环境与职业医学, 2023, 40(7):775-781.
FANG T, XU X, QU M Y, et al.Research progress on sugar substitutes and human health[J].Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2023, 40(7):775-781.
[10] GARDANA C, SIMONETTI P, CANZI E, et al.Metabolism of stevioside and rebaudioside A from Stevia rebaudiana extracts by human microflora[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003, 51(22):6618-6622.
[11] XU F, LI D P, HUANG Z C, et al.Exploring in vitro, in vivo metabolism of mogroside V and distribution of its metabolites in rats by HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MSn[J].Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2015, 115:418-430.
[12] MORA M R, DANDO R.The sensory properties and metabolic impact of natural and synthetic sweeteners[J].Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2021, 20(2):1554-1583.
[13] COLBURN W A, BEKERSKY I, BLUMENTHAL H P.A preliminary report on the pharmacokinetics of saccharin in man:Single oral dose administration[J].Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 1981, 21(4):147-151.
[14] 吴鹏, 张成云, 朱旭丽, 等.人工甜味剂对人体的影响及国内外标准现状探讨[J].食品科学, 2024,45(1):383-392.
WU P, ZHANG C Y, ZHU X L, et al.The influence of artificial sweetener on human body and the status quo of domestic and foreign standards[J].Food Science, 2024,45(1):383-392.
[15] ROBERTS A, RENWICK A G, SIMS J, et al.Sucralose metabolism and pharmacokinetics in man[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2000, 38:31-41.
[16] BORNEMANN V, WERNESS S C, BUSLINGER L, et al.Intestinal metabolism and bioaccumulation of sucralose in adipose tissue in the rat[J].Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.Part A, 2018, 81(18):913-923.
[17] RYCERZ K, JAWORSKA-ADAMU J E.Effects of aspartame metabolites on astrocytes and neurons[J].Folia Neuropathologica, 2013, 51(1):10-17.
[18] BURT B A.The use of sorbitol- and xylitol-sweetened chewing gum in caries control[J].Journal of the American Dental Association (1939), 2006, 137(2):190-196.
[19] 钟食. 木糖醇应用广泛 市场前景广阔[J].中国食品工业, 2019(8):74-76.
ZHONG S.Xylitol is widely used and has a broad market prospect[J].China Food Industry, 2019(8):74-76.
[20] DE C P.Erythritol functional roles in oral-systemic health[J].Advances in Dental Research, 2018, 29(1):104-109.
[21] HONKALA S, RUNNEL R, SAAG M, et al.Effect of erythritol and xylitol on dental caries prevention in children[J].Caries Research, 2014, 48(5):482-490.
[22] Chinese Diabetes Society.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)(上)[J].中国实用内科杂志, 2021, 41(8):668-695.
SOCIETY C D.Guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China(2020 edition)(Part 1)[J].Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine, 2021, 41(8):668-695.
[23] TAN V W K, WEE M S M, TOMIC O, et al.Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) comparison of taste profiles for different sweeteners in black tea, chocolate milk, and natural yogurt[J].Journal of Food Science, 2020, 85(2):486-492.
[24] 邱学良, 孙鲁, 秦海青, 等.木糖醇促进生命健康的部分特性[J].中国食品添加剂, 2015(9):135-140.
QIU X L, SUN L, QIN H Q, et al.Xylitol’s properties on health promotion[J].China Food Additives, 2015(9):135-140.
[25] KAWANO R, OKAMURA T, HASHIMOTO Y, et al.Erythritol ameliorates small intestinal inflammation induced by high-fat diets and improves glucose tolerance[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(11):5558.
[26] ORTIZ S R, FIELD M S.Chronic dietary erythritol exposure elevates plasma erythritol concentration in mice but does not cause weight gain or modify glucose homeostasis[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 2021, 151(8):2114-2124.
[27] MITSUTOMI K, MASAKI T, SHIMASAKI T, et al.Effects of a nonnutritive sweetener on body adiposity and energy metabolism in mice with diet-induced obesity[J].Metabolism, 2014, 63(1):69-78.
[28] TETZLOFF W, DAUCHY F, MEDIMAGH S, et al.Tolerance to subchronic, high-dose ingestion of erythritol in human volunteers[J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology:RTP, 1996, 24(2 Pt 2):S286-S295.
[29] 信成夫, 景文利, 于丽, 等.乳糖醇的性质及其在食品、保健品中的应用[J].中国食品添加剂, 2016(3):151-155.
XIN C F, JING W L, YU L, et al.Properties of lactitol and its application in food and health products[J].China Food Additives, 2016(3):151-155.
[30] STEFFEN B T, JACOBS D R, YI S Y, et al.Long-term aspartame and saccharin intakes are related to greater volumes of visceral, intermuscular, and subcutaneous adipose tissue:The CARDIA study[J].International Journal of Obesity (2005), 2023, 47(10):939-947.
[31] 赵伟, 刘晶, 徐丽, 等.木糖醇特性及应用研究进展[J].农产品加工, 2021(3):90-92.
ZHAO W, LIU J, XU L, et al.Research progress in xylitol properties and applications[J].Farm Products Processing, 2021(3):90-92.
[32] 沈丽津, 尹彦斌, 苏悦, 等.木糖醇对糖尿病大鼠肾小管环氧化酶-2表达的影响[J].天津医药, 2010, 38(3):219-222.
SHEN L J, YIN Y B, SU Y, et al.Effect of xylitol on the COX-2 expression of renal tubule in diabetic rats[J].Tianjin Medical Journal, 2010, 38(3):219-222.
[33] WEN H X, TANG B W, STEWART A J, et al.Erythritol attenuates postprandial blood glucose by inhibiting α-glucosidase[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018, 66(6):1401-1407.
[34] WÖLNERHANSSEN B K, DREWE J, VERBEURE W, et al.Gastric emptying of solutions containing the natural sweetener erythritol and effects on gut hormone secretion in humans:A pilot dose-ranging study[J].Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 2021, 23(6):1311-1321.
[35] MSOMI N Z, ERUKAINURE O L, ISLAM M S.Suitability of sugar alcohols as antidiabetic supplements:A review[J].Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 2021, 29(1):1-14.
[36] KANG Y R, JO S H, YOO J I, et al.Anti-hyperglycemic effect of selected sugar alcohols[J].The FASEB Journal, 2014, 28(S1):829-832.
[37] LI C H, WANG C T, LIN Y J, et al.Long-term consumption of the sugar substitute sorbitol alters gut microbiome and induces glucose intolerance in mice[J].Life Sciences, 2022, 305:120770.
[38] 童红梅, 王保平, 宋巧, 等.甜菊糖苷干预对高脂血T2DM大鼠生化指标的影响[J].中国食品添加剂, 2020, 31(7):15-20.
TONG H M, WANG B P, SONG Q, et al.Effects of stevia glycoside intervention on biochemical parameters in hyperlipidemia T2DM rats[J].China Food Additives, 2020, 31(7):15-20.
[39] HAN J Y, PARK M, LEE H J.Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) extract ameliorates insulin resistance by regulating mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice[J].BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 2023, 23(1):264.
[40] 刘暄. 罗汉果甜苷降血糖功能的研究[D].天津:天津科技大学, 2020.
LIU X.Study on hypoglycemic function of mogroside[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 2020.
[41] 何超文, 姚美村, 夏星, 等.鲜罗汉果皂苷对小鼠血糖的调节作用研究[J].现代食品科技, 2012, 28(4):382-386.
HE C W, YAO M C, XIA X, et al.Rregulation effect of fresh mangosteen saponins on blood sugar[J].Modern Food Science and Technology, 2012, 28(4):382-386.
[42] HIGGINS K A, MATTES R D.A randomized controlled trial contrasting the effects of 4 low-calorie sweeteners and sucrose on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019, 109(5):1288-1301.
[43] DALENBERG J R, PATEL B P, DENIS R, et al.Short-term consumption of sucralose with, but not without, carbohydrate impairs neural and metabolic sensitivity to sugar in humans[J].Cell Metabolism, 2020, 31(3):493-502.
[44] TSAI M J, LI C H, WU H T, et al.Long-term consumption of sucralose induces hepatic insulin resistance through an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent pathway[J].Nutrients, 2023, 15(12):2814.
[45] CHAN P, TOMLINSON B, CHEN Y J, et al.A double-blind placebo-controlled study of the effectiveness and tolerability of oral stevioside in human hypertension[J].British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2000, 50(3):215-220.
[46] CHAN P, XU D Y, LIU J C, et al.The effect of stevioside on blood pressure and plasma catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats[J].Life Sciences, 1998, 63(19):1679-1684.
[47] DONG X H, SUN X, JIANG G J, et al.Dietary intake of sugar substitutes aggravates cerebral ischemic injury and impairs endothelial progenitor cells in mice[J].Stroke, 2015, 46(6):1714-1718.
[48] ALAMRI H S, AKIEL M A, ALGHASSAB T S, et al.Erythritol modulates the polarization of macrophages:Potential role of tumor necrosis factor-α and Akt pathway[J].Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2022, 46(1):e13960.
[49] HASAN H M, ALKASS S Y, DE OLIVEIRA D S P.Impact of long-term cyclamate and saccharin consumption on biochemical parameters in healthy individuals and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients[J].Medicina, 2023, 59(4):698.
[50] MBAMBO N P, DLAMINI S N, CHUKWUMA C I, et al.Comparative effects of commonly used commercially available non-nutritive sweeteners on diabetes-related parameters in non-diabetic rats[J].Journal of Food Biochemistry, 2020, 44(11):e13453.
[51] 申玉民. 木糖醇的功能和应用[J].江苏调味副食品, 2014, 31(3):40-43.
SHEN Y M.Functions and applications of xylitol[J].Jiangsu Condiment and Subsidiary Food, 2014, 31(3):40-43.
[52] URUSHIMA H, SANADA Y, SAKAUE M, et al.Maltitol prevents the progression of fatty liver degeneration in mice fed high-fat diets[J].Journal of Medicinal Food, 2015, 18(10):1081-1087.
[53] GLUUD L L, VILSTRUP H, MORGAN M Y.Non-absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis[J].The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016, 4:CD003044.
[54] 肖刚, 王勤.罗汉果甜苷对小鼠实验性肝损伤保护作用的研究[J].中国药房, 2008, 19(3):163-165.
XIAO G, WANG Q.Protective effect of mogrosides on experimental liver injury in mice[J].China Pharmacy, 2008, 19(3):163-165.
[55] RASOOL M, IQBAL J, MALIK A, et al.Hepatoprotective effects of Silybum marianum (silymarin) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (glycyrrhizin) in combination:A possible synergy[J].Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine:ECAM, 2014, 2014:641597.
[56] ZHOU Q, PENG Z T, HUANG X L.Establishment of a stable acute drug-induced liver injury mouse model by sodium cyclamate[J].Journal of Inflammation Research, 2022, 15:1599-1615.
[57] 葛茵, 向沙沙, 张亚林, 等.木糖醇益生功能研究进展[J].食品与发酵工业, 2021, 47(5):267-272.
GE Y, XIANG S S, ZHANG Y L, et al.Research progress on probiotic function of xylitol[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2021, 47(5):267-272.
[58] VAN DEN ABBEELE P, POPPE J, DEYAERT S, et al.Low-no-calorie sweeteners exert marked compound-specific impact on the human gut microbiota ex vivo[J].International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 2023, 74(5):630-644.
[59] PEURANEN S, TIIHONEN K, APAJALAHTI J, et al.Combination of polydextrose and lactitol affects microbial ecosystem and immune responses in rat gastrointestinal tract[J].The British Journal of Nutrition, 2004, 91(6):905-914.
[60] LI X Q, ZHANG X M, WU X, et al.Beneficial effects of lactitol on the composition of gut microbiota in constipated patients[J].Journal of Digestive Diseases, 2020, 21(8):445-453.
[61] LU H F, CHEN L, PAN X X, et al.Lactitol supplementation modulates intestinal microbiome in liver cirrhotic patients[J].Frontiers in Medicine, 2021, 8:762930.
[62] 徐境含, 徐珒昭, 孔祥丽, 等.三氯蔗糖对小鼠肠道微生态及机体免疫的影响[J].食品科学, 2021, 42(17):153-162.
XU J H, XU J Z, KONG X L, et al.Effect of sucralose on intestinal microecology and immunity of mice[J].Food Science, 2021, 42(17):153-162.
[63] 冯永强, 王江星.木糖醇的特性及在食品中的应用[J].食品科学, 2004, 25(11):379-381.
FENG Y Q, WANG J X.Property of xylitol and its application in food industry[J].Food Science, 2004, 25(11):379-381.
[64] 方春雷, 王世红, 梁莉, 等.木糖醇防治骨质疏松的功能研究概述[J].山东化工, 2016, 45(9):50-52.
FANG C L, WANG S H, LIANG L, et al.Overview of function research of xylitol on prevention and treatment of osteoporosis[J].Shandong Chemical Industry, 2016, 45(9):50-52.
[65] GODA T, KISHI K, EZAWA I, et al.The maltitol-induced increase in intestinal calcium transport increases the calcium content and breaking force of femoral bone in weanling rats[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 1998, 128(11):2028-2031.
[66] WAN J L, ZHU Z Q, HE Z Y, et al.Stevioside protects primary articular chondrocytes against IL-1β-induced inflammation and catabolism by targeting integrin[J].International Immunopharmacology, 2023, 119:110261.
[67] CHEN Z H, CHEN G Y, ZHOU K, et al.Toxicity of food sweetener-sodium cyclamate on osteoblasts cells[J].Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 2019, 508(2):507-511.
[68] TSUKAMURA M, GOTO H, ARISAWA T, et al.Dietary maltitol decreases the incidence of 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced cecum and proximal colon tumors in rats[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 1998, 128(3):536-540.
[69] YASUKAWA K, KITANAKA S, SEO S.Inhibitory effect of stevioside on tumor promotion by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin[J].Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2002, 25(11):1488-1490.
[70] MATSUMOTO S, JIN M L, DEWA Y, et al.Suppressive effect of Siraitia grosvenorii extract on dicyclanil-promoted hepatocellular proliferative lesions in male mice[J].The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 2009, 34(1):109-118.
[71] CZARNECKA K, PILARZ A, ROGUT A, et al.Aspartame-true or false? narrative review of safety analysis of general use in products[J].Nutrients, 2021, 13(6):1957.
[72] PAVANELLO S, MORETTO A, LA VECCHIA C, et al.Non-sugar sweeteners and cancer:Toxicological and epidemiological evidence[J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2023, 139:105369.
[73] MANCA M L, MIR-PALOMO S, CADDEO C, et al.Sorbitol-penetration enhancer containing vesicles loaded with baicalin for the protection and regeneration of skin injured by oxidative stress and UV radiation[J].International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2019, 555:175-183.
[74] GRIEBSCH L V, THEISS E L, JANITSCHKE D, et al.Aspartame and its metabolites cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial and lipid alterations in SH-SY5Y cells[J].Nutrients, 2023, 15(6):1467.
[75] KIM J Y, PARK K H, KIM J, et al.Modified high-density lipoproteins by artificial sweetener, aspartame, and saccharin, showed loss of anti-atherosclerotic activity and toxicity in zebrafish[J].Cardiovascular Toxicology, 2015, 15(1):79-89.
[76] ROBERTS A, RENWICK A G, STANNARD D, et al.The potential developmental neurotoxicity of calcium cyclamate in CD rats[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2021, 153:112236.