This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of the combined formula (large-leaf yellow tea, Coix lachrymajobi L., Poria cocos Wolf) aqueous extracts.C57/BL 6 N male mice were fed on a high-fat diet (HFD), HFD with large-leaf yellow tea formula aqueous extracts (LFAE), or HFD with Coix lachrymajobi L.combined with Poria cocos Wolf formula aqueous extracts (CPAE), or HFD with large-leaf yellow tea aqueous extracts (LAE), and the body weight and food intake of mice were measured weekly.After a 12-week treatment, the serum levels of lipids were detected.The lipid deposition in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue (EAT) was visualized by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.The abundance of gut microbiota was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplification.The protein expressions of AMPK, p-AMPK, ATGL, HSL, and p-HSL in EAT were analyzed by Western blotting.Compared with the HFD-fed group, neither the CPAE nor LAE group showed a significant reduction in body weight.The body weight, lipid levels, and lipid accumulation were significantly reduced in the LFAE group.Moreover, LFAE treatment significantly decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Adlercreutzia, Allobaculum, Blautia, and Parabacteroides.The protein expressions of p-AMPK, ATGL, and p-HSL were up-regulated in the LFAE group.In addition, compared with the LAE group, the body weight, TG levels, and lipid accumulation were significantly reduced in the LFAE group.The abundance of Firmicutes was decreased, and the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Adlercreutzia, Allobaculum, Blautia, and Parabacteroides was up-regulated.Meanwhile, the protein expressions of ATGL, and p-HSL were significantly up-regulated.In conclusion, these results indicated that LFAE synergistically ameliorated diet-induced obesity and related metabolic disorders, which may be through increasing the diversity of gut microbiota and the abundance of lipid metabolism-related bacteria and promoting lipolysis of epididymal adipose tissue in mice.
[1] CABALLERO B.Humans against obesity:Who will win?[J].Advances in Nutrition, 2019, 10:S4-S9.
[2] MOHAMMED M S, SENDRA S, LLORET J, et al.Systems and WBANs for controlling obesity[J].Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 2018, 2018:1564748.
[3] LEE C J, SEARS C L, MARUTHUR N.Gut microbiome and its role in obesity and insulin resistance[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2020, 1461(1):37-52.
[4] PICHÉ M E, TCHERNOF A, DESPRÉS J P.Obesity phenotypes, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases[J].Circulation Research, 2020, 126(11):1477-1500.
[5] LEE S G, KANG H.Anti-obesity and lipid metabolism effects of Ulmus davidiana var.japonica in mice fed a high-fat diet[J].Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2021, 31(7):1011-1021.
[6] FENG X Y, YANG S Y, PAN Y N, et al.Yellow tea:More than turning green leaves to yellow[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2024,64(22):7836-7853.
[7] 陆凤娟, 许娜, 沈钰珠, 等.黄大茶水提物改善高脂小鼠脂肪组织的脂肪酸代谢[J].食品科学, 2022, 43(17):156-163.
LU F J, XU N, SHEN Y Z, et al.Large-leaf yellow tea aqueous extract ameliorates fatty acid metabolism in the adipose tissue of obese mice[J].Food Science, 2022, 43(17):156-163.
[8] 吴秀君, 李美芬, 辜学敏.中药配伍减毒增效的现代化研究进展[J].世界最新医学信息文摘, 2019, 19(99):77;79.
WU X J, LI M F, GU X M.Progress of modern research on the compatibility of Chinese medicine to reduce toxicity and increase effectiveness[J].World Latest Medicine Information, 2019, 19(99):77;79.
[9] 范晓露, 唐红珍.肥胖与脾胃[J].河南中医, 2018, 38(3):339-342.
FAN X L, TANG H Z.The correlation between obesity and spleen and stomach[J].Henan Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2018, 38(3):339-342.
[10] 马明慧, 刘秀峰, 余伯阳.薏苡仁的本草考证[J].中国民族民间医药, 2021, 30(19):32-37.
MA M H, LIU X F, YU B Y.Herbal textual research of coicis semen[J].Chinese Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, 2021, 30(19):32-37.
[11] 崔鹤蓉, 王睿林, 郭文博, 等.茯苓的化学成分、药理作用及临床应用研究进展[J].西北药学杂志, 2019, 34(5):694-700.
CUI H R, WANG R L, GUO W B, et al.Research advances in chemical components, pharmacological activities and clinical application of Poria cocos[J].Northwest Pharmaceutical Journal, 2019, 34(5):694-700.
[12] 于淼, 徐珒昭, 杨晓莹, 等.肠道菌群介导肥胖的机制及调控方法研究进展[J].食品科学, 2023, 44(15):339-350.
YU M, XU J Z, YANG X Y, et al.Advances in the mechanism and regulation of obesity induced by gut microbiota[J].Food Science, 2023, 44(15):339-350.
[13] 张国壮, 陈士林, 董林林.中药微生物组学及其研究策略[J].中国中药杂志, 2023, 48(3):596-607.
ZHANG G Z, CHEN S L, DONG L L.Traditional Chinese medicine microbiomics and its research strategies[J].China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2023, 48(3):596-607.
[14] POLYZOS S A, KOUNTOURAS J, MANTZOROS C S.Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:From pathophysiology to therapeutics[J].Metabolism:Clinical and Experimental, 2019, 92:82-97.
[15] PURCELL M, FLORES Y N, ZHANG Z F, et al.Prevalence and predictors of alanine aminotransferase elevation among normal weight, overweight and obese youth in Mexico[J].Journal of Digestive Diseases, 2013, 14(9):491-499.
[16] JOHN G K, MULLIN G E.The gut microbiome and obesity[J].Current Oncology Reports, 2016, 18(7):45.
[17] MORAK M, SCHMIDINGER H, RIESENHUBER G, et al.Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) deficiencies affect expression of lipolytic activities in mouse adipose tissues[J].Molecular & Cellular Proteomics:MCP, 2012, 11(12):1777-1789.
[18] 马欢, 孟凡艳, 张杰.痰湿与肥胖探析[J].辽宁中医药大学学报, 2020, 22(6):64-67.
MA H, MENG F Y, ZHANG J.Analysis of phlegm-dampness and obesity[J].Journal of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2020, 22(6):64-67.
[19] 张潞潞, 苏晓鹏, 朱玲慧, 等.肥胖与中医体质相关研究进展[J].世界中医药, 2022, 17(17):2512-2516;2523.
ZHANG L L, SU X P, ZHU L H, et al.Research progress on obesity and constitution of traditional Chinese medicine[J].World Chinese Medicine, 2022, 17(17):2512-2516;2523.
[20] SHIN J, LI T X, ZHU L H, et al.Obese individuals with and without phlegm-dampness constitution show different gut microbial composition associated with risk of metabolic disorders[J].Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2022, 12:859708.
[21] LEE S M, KIM C W, KIM J K, et al.GCG-rich tea catechins are effective in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in hyperlipidemic rats[J].Lipids, 2008, 43(5):419-429.
[22] HARPAZ E, TAMIR S, WEINSTEIN A, et al.The effect of caffeine on energy balance[J].Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 2017, 28(1):1-10.
[23] GOMES A C, HOFFMANN C, MOTA J F.The human gut microbiota:Metabolism and perspective in obesity[J].Gut Microbes, 2018, 9(4):308-325.
[24] MAGNE F, GOTTELAND M, GAUTHIER L, et al.The firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio:A relevant marker of gut dysbiosis in obese patients?[J].Nutrients, 2020, 12(5):1474.
[25] LU H Q, YOU Y T, ZHOU X H, et al.Citrus reticulatae pericarpium extract decreases the susceptibility to HFD-induced glycolipid metabolism disorder in mice exposed to azithromycin in early life[J].Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12:774433.
[26] ZHENG Z B, LYU W T, REN Y, et al.Allobaculum involves in the modulation of intestinal ANGPTLT4 expression in mice treated by high-fat diet[J].Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021, 8:690138.
[27] WANG K, LIAO M F, ZHOU N, et al.Parabacteroides distasonis alleviates obesity and metabolic dysfunctions via production of succinate and secondary bile acids[J].Cell Reports, 2019, 26(1):222-235.
[28] LIU X M, MAO B Y, GU J Y, et al.Blautia-a new functional genus with potential probiotic properties?[J].Gut Microbes, 2021, 13(1):1-21.
[29] SONG M Y, KIM B S, KIM H.Influence of Panax ginseng on obesity and gut microbiota in obese middle-aged Korean women[J].Journal of Ginseng Research, 2014, 38(2):106-115.
[30] HAEMMERLE G, LASS A, ZIMMERMANN R, et al.Defective lipolysis and altered energy metabolism in mice lacking adipose triglyceride lipase[J].Science, 2006, 312(5774):734-737.
[31] WEI C S, WANG X T, YAO X P, et al.Bifenthrin induces fat deposition by improving fatty acid uptake and inhibiting lipolysis in mice[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2019, 67(51):14048-14055.
[32] CERK I K, WECHSELBERGER L, OBERER M.Adipose triglyceride lipase regulation:An overview[J].Current Protein & Peptide Science, 2018, 19(2):221-233.
[33] RECAZENS E, MOUISEL E, LANGIN D.Hormone-sensitive lipase:Sixty years later[J].Progress in Lipid Research, 2021, 82:101084.
[34] SHIAU M Y, CHUANG P H, YANG C P, et al.Mechanism of interleukin-4 reducing lipid deposit by regulating hormone-sensitive lipase[J].Scientific Reports, 2019, 9(1):11974.
