Research progress in quality detection technologies for milk and milk powder

  • SONG Xiaodong ,
  • DONG Guanjun ,
  • DING Haohan ,
  • SHEN Song ,
  • XIE Zhenqi ,
  • CUI Xiaohui ,
  • TIAN Jiawei ,
  • WANG Long ,
  • CHENG Wenxu ,
  • HE Wancheng
Expand
  • 1(Key Laboratory of Dairy Quality Digital Intelligence Monitoring Technology, State Administration for Market Regulation, Hohhot 011517, China)
    2(Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (Group) Limited by Share Ltd., Hohhot 011517, China)
    3(Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China)
    4(School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China)
    5(School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China)

Received date: 2024-10-16

  Revised date: 2025-01-09

  Online published: 2025-08-29

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic review of quality testing technologies for milk and milk powder, focusing on traditional detection methods for chemical, physical, and sensory indicators, as well as the application of modern technology in testing.Traditional methods such as chemical analysis, physical measurements, and sensory evaluation, while demonstrating good testing accuracy, often have limitations including lengthy testing times, complex operations, and high requirements for equipment and personnel.With technological advancement, emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of things, and blockchain have been gradually introduced into milk powder testing, promoting intelligent, automated, and digitalized testing methods.These modern testing technologies, through real-time monitoring, remote data processing, and supply chain transparency, have not only improved testing efficiency and accuracy but also achieved non-destructive testing and quality traceability throughout the entire process from production to consumption, significantly enhancing the safety and transparency of milk powder.

Cite this article

SONG Xiaodong , DONG Guanjun , DING Haohan , SHEN Song , XIE Zhenqi , CUI Xiaohui , TIAN Jiawei , WANG Long , CHENG Wenxu , HE Wancheng . Research progress in quality detection technologies for milk and milk powder[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2025 , 51(16) : 363 -373 . DOI: 10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041305

References

[1] 徐红斌, 叶青, 刘洋.我国现行乳制品分类体系比较[J].中国乳品工业, 2023, 51(10):49-55.
XU H B, YE Q, LIU Y.Comparison of current dairy classification systems in China[J].China Dairy Industry, 2023, 51(10):49-55.
[2] AHERN G J, HENNESSY A A, RYAN C A, et al.Advances in infant formula science[J].Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2019, 10(1):75-102.
[3] LI B Y, MAHE J L, HAO J Y, et al.Formula milk supplementation and bone acquisition in 4-6 years Chinese children:A 12-month cluster-randomized controlled trial[J].Nutrients, 2023, 15(8):2012.
[4] NEBBIA S, MÉNARD O, COCHET M F, et al.Impact of process and composition of formulas for elderly on in vitro digestion using the dynamic DIDGI© model[J].Food Research International, 2023, 167:112716.
[5] MARTIN N H, EVANOWSKI R L, WIEDMANN M.Invited review:Redefining raw milk quality-evaluation of raw milk microbiological parameters to ensure high-quality processed dairy products[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2023, 106(3):1502-1517.
[6] 丁浩晗, 谢祯奇, 沈嵩, 等.人工智能在食品检测中的应用[J/OL].食品科学技术学报, 2024.http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=BQGB20240930001&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ.
DING H H, XIE Z Q, SHEN S, et al.Application of Artificial Intelligence in Food Testing[J/OL].Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2024.http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=BQGB20240930001&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ.
[7] 丁浩晗, 田嘉伟, 谢祯奇, 等.机器学习和大数据在食品领域的应用[J].食品与发酵工业, 2024, 50(24):353-361.
DING H H, TIAN J W, XIE Z Q, et al.Applications of machine learning and big data in food industry[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(24):353-361.
[8] CZARNOWSKA-KUJAWSKA M, STAROWICZ M, PASZCZYK B, et al.The chemical, antioxidant and sensorial properties of milk and plant based kombucha analogues[J].LWT, 2024, 206:116610.
[9] GUO K L, ZHANG Y, ZHANG H, et al.Odor changes in breast milk during different storage temperatures and times using GC× GC-O-MS[J].Food Research International, 2023, 168:112792.
[10] COOLBEAR T, JANIN N, TRAILL R, et al.Heat-induced changes in the sensory properties of milk[J].International Dairy Journal, 2022, 126:105199.
[11] 丁浩晗, 沈嵩, 谢祯奇, 等.基于残差网络模型的速溶全脂奶粉分散性与堆积密度检测方法[J].食品科学, 2024, 45(10):9-18.
DING H H, SHEN S, XIE Z Q, et al.Detection of dispersibility and bulk density of instant whole milk powder based on residual network[J].Food Science, 2024, 45(10):9-18.
[12] SHARMA A, JANA A H, CHAVAN R S.Functionality of milk powders and milk-based powders for end use applications—A review[J].Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2012, 11(5):518-528.
[13] WARGO W F.The history of infant formula:Quality, safety, and standard methods[J].Journal of AOAC International, 2016, 99(1):7-11.
[14] SELOMULYA C, FANG Y, WANG Y.Food Powder Rehydration[M].Handbook of Food Powders.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2013:379-408.
[15] 丁浩晗, 宋晓东, 董冠军, 等.牛奶罐装运输全过程质量控制研究[J].中国乳品工业, 2024, 52(10):23-29.
DING H H, SONG X D, DONG G J, et al.Research on quality control in the entire process of milk canning and transportation[J].China Dairy Industry, 2024, 52(10):23-29.
[16] FOURNAISE T, BURGAIN J, PERROUD C, et al.Impact of formulation on reconstitution and flowability of spray-dried milk powders[J].Powder Technology, 2020, 372:107-116.
[17] LIU S L, JIANG X F, FU F F, et al.Assessing the effect of powder characteristics of infant milk on the compressibility of milk powder compression molding[J].Food Science & Nutrition, 2023, 11(8):4625-4633.
[18] FITZPATRICK J J, IQBAL T, DELANEY C, et al.Effect of powder properties and storage conditions on the flowability of milk powders with different fat contents[J].Journal of Food Engineering, 2004, 64(4):435-444.
[19] DING H H, LI B, BOIARKINA I, et al.Effects of morphology on the bulk density of instant whole milk powder[J].Foods, 2020, 9(8):1024.
[20] SUHENDI A, ROHMAN A, CAHYANINGRUM S.Validasi metode analisis penetapan Kadar protein ekstrak ikan gabus dengan metode Lowry Dan bromocresol green[J].Jurnal Kefarmasian Indonesia, 2023:50-58.
[21] WARAKAULLE S, MOHAMED H, RANASINGHE M, et al.Advancement of milk protein analysis:From determination of total proteins to their identification and quantification by proteomic approaches[J].Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2024, 126:105854.
[22] 韩静雯, 李国辉, 钟其顶, 等.超高液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱技术定量牛奶中主要蛋白质[J].食品与发酵工业, 2022, 48(23):300-308.
HAN J W, LI G H, ZHONG Q D, et al.Quantification of major proteins in milk based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadruple/ time of flight-mass spectrometry[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(23):300-308.
[23] LIANG X N, YANG H, SUN J, et al.Effects of enzymatic treatments on the hydrolysis and antigenicity reduction of natural cow milk[J].Food Science & Nutrition, 2021, 9(2):985-993.
[24] ANDRADE E H P, DA FONSECA L M, DE SOUZA M R, et al.Fat content in fermented milk beverages:Determination by the Gerber method[J].Semina:Ciências Agrárias, 2022, 43(1):441-448.
[25] RAO P S, SINGH P, SHARMA V, et al.Traditional analytical approaches for lactose residues determination in lactose hydrolysed milks:A review[J].LWT, 2021, 151:112069.
[26] 李盛楠, 张敏婕, 胡浩鑫, 等.高效液相色谱法测定液态乳中乳果糖方法的优化[J].食品工业科技, 2021, 42(1):266-270.
LI S N, ZHANG M J, HU H X, et al.Optimization of HPLC method for determination of lactulose in liquid milk[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2021, 42(1):266-270.
[27] DE OLIVEIRA NEVES L N, LEAL DE OLIVEIRA M A.Quantification of lactose and lactulose in hydrolysed-lactose UHT milk using capillary zone electrophoresis[J].International Dairy Journal, 2020, 106:104710.
[28] 樊双喜, 刘一诺, 吉鑫, 等.核磁共振波谱法测定牛奶中乳糖的含量[J].食品与发酵工业, 2021, 47(23):227-232.
FAN S X, LIU Y N, JI X, et al.Quantitative determination of lactose in milk products by nuclear magnetic resonance[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2021, 47(23):227-232.
[29] UBAYDULLAEVA N B, MAKSUMOVA D Q, SHOSALIMOVA S J, et al.Characteristics of secondary dairy raw material obtained during dairy processing[J].E3S Web of Conferences,2024, 486:02025.
[30] 邹沫君. 离子色谱法测定牛奶及奶制品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐[J].食品工业, 2023, 44(7):304-308.
ZOU M J.Determination of nitrate and nitrite in milk and dairy products by ion chromatography[J].The Food Industry, 2023, 44(7):304-308.
[31] YUAN Y H, LEE T R.Surface Science Techniques[M].Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013:3-34.
[32] ALGHUNAIM A, KIRDPONPATTARA S, NEWBY B Z.Techniques for determining contact angle and wettability of powders[J].Powder Technology, 2016, 287:201-215.
[33] PISECKY J.Handbook of Milk Powder Manufacture[M].Copenhagen:GEA Process Engineering, 2012:205-206.
[34] ROSA E, PRUDENCIO E S.A comprehensive approach about comparison between drying technologies and powdered dairy products[J].Food Research International, 2023, 173:113326.
[35] BHANDARI B, BANSAL N, ZHANG M, et al.Handbook of Food Powders:Processes and Properties[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier, 2023:357-371.
[36] GYAWALI R, FENG X, CHEN Y P, et al.A review of factors influencing the quality and sensory evaluation techniques applied to Greek yogurt[J].Journal of Dairy Research, 2022, 89(2):1-7.
[37] CLARK S, DRAKE M A, COSTELLO M, et al.The Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products[M].New York:Springer, 2009:79-143.
[38] DRAKE M A.Invited review:Sensory analysis of dairy foods[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2007, 90(11):4925-4937.
[39] ALVAREZ V B.The Sensory Evaluation of Dairy Products[M].Cham:Springer International Publishing, 2023:79-142.
[40] SPENCE C.Auditory contributions to flavour perception and feeding behaviour[J].Physiology & Behavior, 2012, 107(4):505-515.
[41] DEIDDA R, SACRE P Y, CLAVAUD M, et al.Vibrational spectroscopy in analysis of pharmaceuticals:Critical review of innovative portable and handheld NIR and Raman spectrophotometers[J].TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2019, 114:251-259.
[42] CHEN H, TAN C, LIN Z, et al.Classification and quantitation of milk powder by near-infrared spectroscopy and mutual information-based variable selection and partial least squares[J].Spectrochimica Acta Part A:Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2018, 189:183-189.
[43] GADKAR V J, FILION M.New developments in quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technology[J].Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2014, 16(1):1-6.
[44] WU X Y, NA Q, HAO S Q, et al.Detection of ovine or bovine milk components in commercial camel milk powder using a PCR-based method[J].Molecules, 2022, 27(9):3017.
[45] ZHANG X R, QIAO C Y, FU S C, et al.DNA-based qualitative and quantitative identification of bovine whey powder in goat dairy products[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2022, 105(6):4749-4759.
[46] RYSOVA L, CEJNAR P, HANUS O, et al.Use of MALDI-TOF MS technology to evaluate adulteration of small ruminant milk with raw bovine milk[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2022, 105(6):4882-4894.
[47] ZHANG S S, LI H Z, HU Q Z, et al.Discrimination of thermal treated bovine milk using MALDI-TOF MS coupled with machine learning[J].Food Control, 2022, 142:109224.
[48] FRÉZAL L, LEBLOIS R.Four years of DNA barcoding:Current advances and prospects[J].Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 2008, 8(5):727-736.
[49] DING Y F, JIANG G Z, HUANG L H, et al.DNA barcoding coupled with high-resolution melting analysis for nut species and walnut milk beverage authentication[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2020, 100(6):2372-2379.
[50] FARAHANI M A, MCCORMICK M R, GIANINNY R, et al.Time-series pattern recognition in smart manufacturing systems:A literature review and ontology[J].Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 2023, 69:208-241.
[51] 张亮星. 制造业供应链系统可靠性分析及模式识别[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2018.
ZHANG L X.Reliability analysis and pattern recognition of supply chain system in manufacturing industry[D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2018.
[52] ZHANG X Y, LIU C L, SUEN C Y.Towards robust pattern recognition:A review[J].Proceedings of the IEEE, 2020, 108(6):894-922.
[53] MOHSEN S, ELKASEER A, SCHOLZ S G.Industry 4.0-oriented deep learning models for human activity recognition[J].IEEE Access, 2021, 9:150508-150521.
[54] 丁浩晗, 谢祯奇, 田嘉伟, 等.基于图像分析技术的全脂奶粉品质软测量模型构建[J].食品与发酵工业, 2024, 50(10):273-281.
DING H H, XIE Z Q, TIAN J W, et al.Soft sensor modeling of milk powder quality with image analysis technique[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(10):273-281.
[55] 陈卫东, 刘超, 王莹, 等.基于机器视觉的食品瓶罐包装缺陷检测研究进展[J].粮油食品科技, 2024, 32(4):185-191.
CHEN W D, LIU C, WANG Y, et al.Research progress on inspecting food bottle and can packaging shortcomings based on machine vision[J].Science and Technology of Cereals, Oils and Foods, 2024, 32(4):185-191.
[56] 丁浩晗, 谢祯奇, 田嘉伟, 等.基于图像分析技术的全脂奶粉品质软测量模型构建[J].食品与发酵工业, 2024, 50(10):273-281.
DING H H, XIE Z Q, TIAN J W, et al.Soft sensor modeling of milk powder quality with image analysis technique[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2024, 50(10):273-281.
[57] DING H H, WILSON D I, YU W, et al.Assessing and quantifying the surface texture of milk powder using image processing[J].Foods, 2022, 11(10):1519.
[58] HEBLING E TAVARES J P, DA SILVA MEDEIROS M L, BARBIN D F.Near-infrared techniques for fraud detection in dairy products:A review[J].Journal of Food Science, 2022, 87(5):1943-1960.
[59] ZHANG Y, ZHANG L, MA Y B, et al.Research on dairy products detection based on machine learning algorithm[J].MATEC Web of Conferences, 2022, 355:03008.
[60] SHARMA H, RAMANATHAN R.Differences and correlation among various fatty acids of cow milk and goat milk probiotic yoghurt:Gas chromatography, PCA and network based analysis[J].Food Chemistry Advances, 2023, 3:100430.
[61] DU L J, LU W Y, ZHANG Y Q, et al.Detection of milk powder in liquid whole milk using hydrolyzed peptide and intact protein mass spectral fingerprints coupled with data fusion technologies[J].Food Science & Nutrition, 2020, 8(3):1471-1479.
[62] DING H H, YU W, BOIARKINA I, et al.Effects of morphology on the dispersibility of instant whole milk powder[J].Journal of Food Engineering, 2020, 276:109841.
[63] 丁浩晗, 王龙, 侯浩钶, 等.深度学习在食品安全检测与风险预警中的应用[J].食品科学, 2025,46(6):295-308.
DING H H, WANG L, HOU H K, et al.Application of deep learning in food safety detection and risk warning[J].Food Science, 2025,46(6):295-308.
[64] POGHOSSIAN A, GEISSLER H, SCHÖNING M J.Rapid methods and sensors for milk quality monitoring and spoilage detection[J].Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 2019, 140:111272.
[65] BOIARKINA I, DEPREE N, YU W, et al.Rapid particle size measurements used as a proxy to control instant whole milk powder dispersibility[J].Dairy Science & Technology, 2017, 96:777-786.
[66] 袁勇, 王飞跃.区块链技术发展现状与展望[J].自动化学报, 2016, 42(4):481-494.
YUAN Y, WANG F Y.Blockchain:The state of the art and future trends[J].Acta Automatica Sinica, 2016, 42(4):481-494.
[67] 王群智, 伍丽芳, 勒格吉哈, 等.物联网技术在低温乳制品冷链末端运输中的应用[J].物流技术, 2022, 41(1):125-130.
WANG Q Z, WU L F, LEGE J H, et al.Application of IOT technology in cold chain endpoint transportation of low-temperature dairy products[J].Logistics Technology, 2022, 41(1):125-130.
[68] KHANNA A, JAIN S, BURGIO A, et al.Blockchain-enabled supply chain platform for Indian dairy industry:Safety and traceability[J].Foods, 2022, 11(17):2716.
[69] SRIVASTAVA S, PANDEY V K, SINGH A, et al.Recent insights on microfluidics applications for food quality and safety analysis:A comprehensive review[J].Food Control, 2025,168:110869.
[70] CHEN J J, LI S Y, YAO F Q, et al.Progress of microfluidics combined with SERS technology in the trace detection of harmful substances[J].Chemosensors, 2022, 10(11):449.
[71] ZHAO Y N, ZENG D X, YAN C, et al.Rapid and accurate detection of Escherichia coli O157∶H7 in beef using microfluidic wax-printed paper-based ELISA[J].The Analyst, 2020, 145(8):3106-3115.
[72] CHICK S, ATAEI KACHOUEI M, KNOWLTON K, et al.Functionalized graphene-based biosensors for early detection of subclinical ketosis in dairy cows[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2024, 16(39):51932-51943.
[73] 丁浩晗, 谢祯奇, 沈嵩, 等.基于人工智能的集成食品检测技术应用与展望[J].食品科学技术学报, 2024, 42(5):13-23;32.
DING H H, XIE Z Q, SHEN S, et al.Application and prospect of integrated food testing technology based on artificial intelligence[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2024, 42(5):13-23;32.
[74] HEEMA R, SIVARANJANI S, GNANALAKSHMI K S.An insight in to the automation of the dairy industry:A review[J].Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 2022, 41(2):125-131.
[75] MANISHA N, JAGADEESHWAR M.BC driven IoT-based food quality traceability system for dairy product using deep learning model[J].High-Confidence Computing, 2023, 3(3):100121.
[76] ZRELLI I, REJEB A.A bibliometric analysis of IoT applications in logistics and supply chain management[J].Heliyon, 2024, 10(16):e36578.
[77] MANGLA S K, KAZANCOGLU Y, EKINCI E, et al.Using system dynamics to analyze the societal impacts of blockchain technology in milk supply chainsrefer[J].Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review, 2021, 149:102289.
Outlines

/