Natural oligosaccharides own a variety of active functions.Digestive and glycolysis properties of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) from apple pomace in vitro were explored to clarify its probiotic potential and to provide a new application direction for the comprehensive utilization of apple pomace.The changes in carbohydrate, pH, and OD values and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) contents were measured in the simulated gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation test.Microbial diversity analysis and 16 s RNA high-throughput sequencing were included to determine alterations of intestinal microbiota.Results showed that the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and XOS did not significantly change in the gastrointestinal digestion stage, but significantly decreased after in vitro fermentation (P<0.05), which indicated that the digestion of XOS mainly occurred in the fermentation stage.The pH value of fermentation broth in the XOS group decreased significantly (P<0.05).The contents of SCFAs, acetic acid, propionic acid, and n-butyric acid were extremely significantly higher than those in the other groups (P<0.001).OD600 value was significantly higher than that in the CK group (P<0.05).Results indicated that apple pomace XOS could promote the production of SCFAs and reduce the pH value, which could be beneficial to the growth of intestinal microorganisms.Microbial diversity analysis showed that XOS could improve the diversity and evenness of intestinal microbiota.The composition of intestinal microbiota in the XOS group was significantly different from the other two groups.At the phylum classification level, the relative abundance of firmicutes increased in the XOS group.At the genus classification level, the abundance of paracoides in the XOS group and the abundance of koala bacillus in the XOS group increased, separately compared with the CK group and with the PC group.The species abundance in the XOS group was lower than that in the CK group, which indicated that apple residue XOS could affect the composition of intestinal microbiota.Results of this study provide theoretical support for the application of XOS from apple pomace in food and medicine.
[1] KUMAR V, SATYANARAYANA T.Applicability of thermo-alkali-stable and cellulase-free xylanase from a novel thermo-halo-alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans in producing xylooligosaccharides[J].Biotechnology Letters, 2011, 33(11):2279-2285.
[2] SAMANTA A K, SENANI S, KOLTE A P, et al.Production and in vitro evaluation of xylooligosaccharides generated from corncobs[J].Food and Bioproducts Processing, 2012, 90(3):466-474.
[3] YANG S Q, WU C X, YAN Q J, et al.Nondigestible functional oligosaccharides:Enzymatic production and food applications for intestinal health[J].Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, 2023, 14: 297-322.
[4] PENG P, PENG F, BIAN J, et al.Studies on the starch and hemicelluloses fractionated by graded ethanol precipitation from bamboo Phyllostachys bambusoides f.Shouzhu Yi[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011, 59(6):2680-2688.
[5] PAN J, YIN J, ZHANG K, et al.Dietary xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation alters gut microbial composition and activity in pigs according to age and dose[J].AMB Express, 2019, 9(1):134.
[6] LIU X L, CAO R, XU Y.Acidic hydrolyzed xylo-oligosaccharides bioactivity on the antioxidant and immune activities of macrophage[J].Food Research International, 2023, 163:112152.
[7] WANG J, CAO Y P, WANG C T, et al.Wheat bran xylooligosaccharides improve blood lipid metabolism and antioxidant status in rats fed a high-fat diet[J].Carbohydrate Polymers, 2011, 86(3):1192-1197.
[8] QIAN S Q, ZHOU J, CHEN X Y, et al.Evaluation of an efficient fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis strategy to improve production of functional xylooligosaccharides from maize straws[J].Industrial Crops and Products, 2020, 157:112920.
[9] TONG Y J, WANG Q Y, ZHANG J Y, et al.Orally administered xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) ameliorates diarrhea symptoms in mice via intestinal barrier improvement and gut microbiota modulation[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2022, 66(20):e2200171.
[10] BHUSHAN S, KALIA K, SHARMA M, et al.Processing of apple pomace for bioactive molecules[J].Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 2008, 28(4):285-296.
[11] MEI X Y, YANG W J, HUANG G L, et al.The antioxidant activities of balsam pear polysaccharide[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 142:232-236.
[12] FENG X J, BIE N N, LI J Y, et al.Effect of in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion on the antioxidant activity, molecular weight, and microstructure of polysaccharides from Chinese yam[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 207:873-882.
[13] LEY R E, PETERSON D A, GORDON J I.Ecological and evolutionary forces shaping microbial diversity in the human intestine[J].Cell, 2006, 124(4):837-848.
[14] SCHROPP N, STANISLAS V, MICHELS K B, et al.How do prebiotics affect human intestinal bacteria:Assessment of bacterial growth with inulin and XOS in vitro[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24(16):12796.
[15] LE BASTARD Q, CHAPELET G, JAVAUDIN F, et al.The effects of inulin on gut microbial composition:A systematic review of evidence from human studies[J].European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 2020, 39(3):403-413.
[16] LUO Q Y, LI X J, LI H Y, et al.Effect of in vitro simulated digestion and fecal fermentation on Boletus auripes polysaccharide characteristics and intestinal flora[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023, 249:126461.
[17] MA Y C, LUO J, XU Y.Co-preparation of pectin and cellulose from apple pomace by a sequential process[J].Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2019, 56(9):4091-4100.
[18] FERNANDES P A R, SILVA A M S, EVTUGUIN D V, et al.The hydrophobic polysaccharides of apple pomace[J].Carbohydrate Polymers, 2019, 223:115132.
[19] 张馨月, 王济瀚, 孙雯雯, 等.超声波-微波协同提取苹果渣多酚工艺优化及其性能评价[J].食品科技, 2022, 47(11):185-191.
ZHANG X Y, WANG J H, SUN W W, et al.Optimization of ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction of polyphenols from apple residue and its property evaluation[J].Food Science and Technology, 2022, 47(11):185-191.
[20] 戴沙, 陈雪峰, 蔡露阳, 等.酶解苹果渣制备低聚木糖的工艺优化[J].食品科技, 2024, 49(1):183-190.
DAI S, CHEN X F, CAI L Y, et al.Optimization of preparation of Xylo-oligosaccharides from apple residue by enzymatic hydrolysis[J].Food Science and Technology, 2024, 49(1):183-190.
[21] 王科堂. 猕猴桃果粉的研制及其降脂活性研究[D].西安:陕西科技大学, 2023.
WANG K T.Kiwifruit powder formulation and hypolipidemic activity study[J].Xi’an:Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 2023.
[22] 袁旭霜. 应用冠突散囊菌液态、固态发酵不同种类茶叶的作用机理[D].西安:陕西科技大学, 2023.
YUAN X S.The mechanism of liquid and solid fermentation of different kinds of tea by Aspergillus cristatus[J].Xi’an:Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 2023.
[23] YUAN Q, HE Y, XIANG P Y, et al.Effects of simulated saliva-gastrointestinal digestion on the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of okra polysaccharides[J].Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 238:116183.
[24] HUANG F, LIU Y, ZHANG R F, et al.Structural characterization and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fermentation of Litchi polysaccharide[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2019, 140:965-972.
[25] MARTIN-GALLAUSIAUX C, MARINELLI L, BLOTTIÈRE H M, et al.SCFA:Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut[J].Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021, 80(1):37-49.
[26] BARCZYNSKA R, SLIZEWSKA K, LITWIN M, et al.Effects of dietary fiber preparations made from maize starch on the growth and activity of selected bacteria from the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria Phyla in fecal samples from obese children[J].Acta Biochimica Polonica, 2016, 63(2):261-266.
[27] 殷琳, 夏文睿, 黄国鑫, 等.中药-肠道菌群互作与宿主自身代谢免疫稳态相关性的研究进展[J].中草药, 2022, 53(8):2526-2538.
YIN L, XIA W R, HUANG G X, et al.Research progress on correlation between traditional Chinese medicine-gut microbiota and host’s own metabolic immune homeostasis[J].Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs, 2022, 53(8):2526-2538.
