5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a major chemical component of Griffonia seed extract, is metabolized into the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the human body, which plays a critical role in regulating sleep, mood, and appetite.However, the oral administration of 5-HTP is limited by its short half-life, low bioavailability, and potential side effects such as nausea and vomiting at high doses.This study encapsulated 5-HTP using three different delivery systems:nanoparticles, gel beads, and emulsions.A range of characterization techniques, including texture analysis, microstructural observation, infrared spectroscopy, and stability assessment, were used to systematically evaluate the encapsulation efficiency and sustained release performance of 5-HTP within each system.Results showed that the nanoparticle system achieved the highest 5-HTP loading capacity (63.16%-63.50%), primarily driven by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions.Furthermore, the nanoparticle system exhibited significant pH-responsive and sustained release properties, effectively inhibiting early release in low pH conditions,with a maximum release degree of about 19.27%, thereby avoiding the excessive release observed in the emulsion system, and achieving complete release in the intestinal environment over a period of 10 hours.The nanoparticle system maintained a stable and gradual release profile, offering an advantage over the burst release observed in the gel bead system.Additionally, the sustained release time in the nanoparticle system was extended by 1 and 3 times compared to the gel bead and emulsion systems, respectively.These findings provide critical theoretical and technical support for the efficient application of 5-HTP in functional foods.
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