Basic amino acids are small molecules with positive charges, which can generate electrostatic attraction with negatively charged residues on proteins and steric hindering with certain groups on protein side chains, thus leading to changes in protein structure. β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) causes allergic reactions. The changes in the structure and allergenicity of β-Lg were studied by treating β-Lg with different basic amino acids. Taking β-Lg treated with L-Arg, L-Lys, and L-His alone or in combination as research objects, the changes in the structure of the treated β-Lg were analyzed by electrophoresis, circular dichroism, and spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity, IgE/IgG binding capacity, and the secretory ability of histamine and interleukin-6 in KU812 cells were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cell assay. Results showed that after β-Lg was treated with L-Arg, L-Lys, and L-His, its secondary structure, UV absorption intensity, fluorescence intensity, and surface hydrophobicity were changed, the ABTS radical scavenging ability increased, and the IgE/IgG binding ability, the secretory ability of histamine and interleukin-6 in KU812 cells decreased. Thus, L-Arg, L-Lys, and L-His reduce the allergenicity of β-Lg by disrupting the conformational epitopes, in order of L-His, L-Lys, and L-Arg. The results provide important theoretical guidance for the development of hypoallergenic milk products.
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