综述与专题评论

短链脂肪酸的吸收代谢及系统生物利用度的研究进展

  • 黄梦茹 ,
  • 王韵清 ,
  • 游春苹
展开
  • 1(乳业生物技术国家重点实验室,上海乳业生物工程技术研究中心,光明乳业股份有限公司乳业研究院,上海,201103)
    2(上海海洋大学 食品学院,上海,201306)
第一作者:硕士研究生(游春苹正高级工程师为通信作者,E-mail:youchunping@brightdairy.com)

收稿日期: 2025-09-22

  修回日期: 2025-11-14

  网络出版日期: 2026-07-31

基金资助

上海市白玉兰人才计划浦江项目(24PJB003);上海市国资委能力提升项目(2022013);上海市“超级博士后”项目(2024128)

Research progress on absorption, metabolism and systemic bioavailability of short-chain fatty acids

  • HUANG Mengru ,
  • WANG Yunqing ,
  • YOU Chunping
Expand
  • 1(State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201103, China)
    2(School of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)

Received date: 2025-09-22

  Revised date: 2025-11-14

  Online published: 2026-07-31

摘要

短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acids,SCFAs)主要是肠道内的微生物通过厌氧发酵宿主难以消化的膳食纤维产生的代谢产物,介导益生菌和益生元对宿主的健康促进作用,自身具有多种生理特性,对人类的健康和疾病治疗具有重要意义。生物利用度反应活性物质在体内的生物效应,是衡量SCFAs能否对宿主产生健康益处的关键指标,明确内源性SCFAs的吸收代谢及口服SCFAs的生物利用度对其临床转化和精准干预至关重要。现有文章主要围绕SCFAs的生理功能及其代谢过程展开综述,该文简要介绍SCFAs的剂量-效应关系,在阐述内源性SCFAs代谢过程及口服SCFAs生物利用度特征的基础上,提出目前口服补充SCFAs面临的挑战,分析影响SCFAs生物利用度的多种因素,并从生物利用度角度对其应对策略进行展望。

本文引用格式

黄梦茹 , 王韵清 , 游春苹 . 短链脂肪酸的吸收代谢及系统生物利用度的研究进展[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2026 , 52(13) : 412 -420 . DOI: 10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.044611

Abstract

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are sourced primarily from gut microbial fermentation of indigestible dietary fiber.They possess diverse physiological properties that mediate the health benefits of probiotics and prebiotics for the host.However, the bio-efficacy and health-promoting potential of SCFAs are fundamentally governed by their bioavailability in vivo.A thorough understanding of the absorption and metabolism of both endogenous and exogenous SCFAs is therefore crucial for assessing clinical implications.Starting with an overview of SCFAs bioactivities, this review principally examines the metabolic processes of endogenous SCFAs and the bioavailability of their oral forms.Building on current evidence, it further discusses key factors influencing their bioavailability and highlights challenges associated with oral supplementation.This provides valuable insights into dietetic strategies to optimize SCFAs bio-efficacy from a bioavailability perspective.

参考文献

[1] HILL C, GUARNER F, REID G, et al.The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic[J].Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2014, 11(8):506-514.
[2] GUL S, DURANTE-MANGONI E.Unraveling the puzzle:Health benefits of probiotics:A comprehensive review[J].Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024, 13(5):1436.
[3] BOCCHIO F, MANCABELLI L, MILANI C, et al.Compendium of Bifidobacterium-based probiotics:Characteristics and therapeutic impact on human diseases[J].Microbiome Research Reports, 2024, 4(1):2.
[4] GIBSON G R, HUTKINS R, SANDERS M E, et al.Expert consensus document:The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics[J].Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2017, 14(8):491-502.
[5] CUAMATZIN-GARCÍA L, RODRÍGUEZ-RUGARCÍA P, EL-KASSIS E G, et al.Traditional fermented foods and beverages from around the world and their health benefits[J].Microorganisms, 2022, 10(6):1151.
[6] FEI Y Q, CHEN Z B, HAN S Y, et al.Role of prebiotics in enhancing the function of next-generation probiotics in gut microbiota[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2023, 63(8):1037-1054.
[7] STEC A, SIKORA M, MACIEJEWSKA M, et al.Bacterial metabolites:A link between gut microbiota and dermatological diseases[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24(4):3494.
[8] SOBH M, MONTROY J, DAHAM Z, et al.Tolerability and SCFA production after resistant starch supplementation in humans:A systematic review of randomized controlled studies[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022, 115(3):608-618.
[9] 杨雪, 高亚男, 王加启, 等.短链脂肪酸的功能研究进展[J].食品科学, 2023, 44(13):408-417.
YANG X, GAO Y N, WANG J Q, et al.Research progress on the functions of short chain fatty acid[J].Food Science, 2023, 44(13):408-417.
[10] GAO Y N, YAO Q Q, MENG L, et al.Double-side role of short chain fatty acids on host health via the gut-organ axes[J].Animal Nutrition, 2024, 18:322-339.
[11] ZHANG D, JIAN Y P, ZHANG Y N, et al.Short-chain fatty acids in diseases[J].Cell Communication and Signaling, 2023, 21(1):212.
[12] MARTINDALE R G, MUNDI M S, HURT R T, et al.Short-chain fatty acids in clinical practice:Where are we?[J].Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2025, 28(2):54-60.
[13] DAÏEN C I, TAN J, AUDO R, et al.Gut-derived acetate promotes B10 cells with antiinflammatory effects[J].JCI Insight, 2021, 6(7):e144156.
[14] YAN J L, PAN Y B, SHAO W M, et al.Beneficial effect of the short-chain fatty acid propionate on vascular calcification through intestinal microbiota remodelling[J].Microbiome, 2022, 10(1):195.
[15] WANG Z, MA X Y, SHI W B, et al.The gut microbiota metabolite butyrate modulates acute stress-induced ferroptosis in the prefrontal cortex via the gut-brain axis[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025, 26(4):1698.
[16] SHAIDULLOV I F, SOROKINA D M, SITDIKOV F G, et al.Short chain fatty acids and colon motility in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome[J].BMC Gastroenterology, 2021, 21(1):37.
[17] SAM Q H, LING H, YEW W S, et al.The divergent immunomodulatory effects of short chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(12):6453.
[18] GUO Q Q, QIN H, LIU X L, et al.The emerging roles of human gut microbiota in gastrointestinal cancer[J].Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13:915047.
[19] LOUIS P, HOLD G L, FLINT H J.The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014, 12(10):661-672.
[20] DELEU S, MACHIELS K, RAES J, et al.Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms:An overlooked therapy for IBD?[J].eBioMedicine, 2021, 66:103293.
[21] GERUNOVA L K, GERUNOV T V, P’YANOVA L G, et al.Butyric acid and prospects for creation of new medicines based on its derivatives:A literature review[J].Journal of Veterinary Science, 2024, 25(2):e23.
[22] LIN J, NAFDAY S M, CHAUVIN S N, et al.Variable effects of short chain fatty acids and lactic acid in inducing intestinal mucosal injury in newborn rats[J].Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2002, 35(4):545-550.
[23] LIU M Y, LU Y B, XUE G Y, et al.Role of short-chain fatty acids in host physiology[J].Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 2024, 7(5):641-652.
[24] SERINO M.SCFAs:The thin microbial metabolic line between good and bad[J].Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2019, 15(6):318-319.
[25] PERRY R J, PENG L, BARRY N A, et al.Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome[J].Nature, 2016, 534(7606):213-217.
[26] VANCAMELBEKE M, LAEREMANS T, VANHOVE W, et al.Butyrate does not protect against inflammation-induced loss of epithelial barrier function and cytokine production in primary cell monolayers from patients with ulcerative colitis[J].Journal of Crohn’s & Colitis, 2019, 13(10):1351-1361.
[27] TRAPECAR M, COMMUNAL C, VELAZQUEZ J, et al.Gut-liver physiomimetics reveal paradoxical modulation of IBD-related inflammation by short-chain fatty acids[J].Cell Systems, 2020, 10(3):223-239.e9.
[28] HUANG X Z, LI Z R, ZHU L B, et al.Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates butyrate-induced intestinal barrier impairment in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model[J].Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2014, 59(2):264-269.
[29] ZHU F, WANG W, MA Q, et al.Role of short-chain fatty acids in the gut-brain axis in schizophrenia:Contribution to immune activation and pathophysiology in humans and mice[J].BioResource Information Exchange, 2020:021915.
[30] PARK J, GOERGEN C J, HOGENESCH H, et al.Chronically elevated levels of short-chain fatty acids induce T cell-mediated ureteritis and hydronephrosis[J].Journal of Immunology, 2016, 196(5):2388-2400.
[31] GUO F H, PENG L, XIONG H, et al.Bioaccessibility and transport of lentil hull polyphenols in vitro, and their bioavailability and metabolism in rats[J].Food Research International, 2023, 167:112634.
[32] GILL P A, BOGATYREV A, VAN ZELM M C, et al.Delivery of acetate to the peripheral blood after consumption of foods high in short-chain fatty acids[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2021, 65(4):2000953.
[33] POUTEAU E, NGUYEN P, BALLÈVRE O, et al.Production rates and metabolism of short-chain fatty acids in the colon and whole body using stable isotopes[J].The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2003, 62(1):87-93.
[34] KOH A, DE VADDER F, KOVATCHEVA-DATCHARY P, et al.From dietary fiber to host physiology:Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites[J].Cell, 2016, 165(6):1332-1345.
[35] CHEN C, LIU C L, ZHANG K, et al.The role of gut microbiota and its metabolites short-chain fatty acids in food allergy[J].Food Science and Human Wellness, 2023, 12(3):702-710.
[36] 卜子晨, 夏永军, 艾连中, 等.益生菌中短链脂肪酸的合成途径及功能性研究[J].食品与发酵工业, 2022, 48(14):286-291;302.
BU Z C, XIA Y J, AI L Z, et al.Synthetic pathway and functional study of short chain fatty acids in probiotics[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(14):286-291;302.
[37] ESPOSITO A, TAMBURINI S, TRIBOLI L, et al.Insights into the genome structure of four acetogenic bacteria with specific reference to the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway[J].MicrobiologyOpen, 2019, 8(12):e938.
[38] REICHARDT N, DUNCAN S H, YOUNG P, et al.Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota[J].The ISME Journal, 2014, 8(6):1323-1335.
[39] FROLOVA M S, SUVOROVA I A, IABLOKOV S N, et al.Genomic reconstruction of short-chain fatty acid production by the human gut microbiota[J].Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2022, 9:949563.
[40] 傅云扉, 魏琦麟, 袁明贵, 等.丁酸梭菌及产丁酸代谢改造[J].中国生物工程杂志, 2022, 42(1):37-45.
FU Y F, WEI Q L, YUAN M G, et al.Research progress of Clostridium butyricum and metabolic modification of butyric acid production[J].China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(1):37-45.
[41] 杨荣, 张彤心, 钱莉.短链脂肪酸抗癌机制研究进展[J].中国肿瘤临床, 2022, 49(8):417-421.
YANG R, ZHANG T X, QIAN L.Research progress on anticancer mechanism of short-chain fatty acids[J].Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2022, 49(8):417-421.
[42] FACCHIN S, BERTIN L, BONAZZI E, et al.Short-chain fatty acids and human health:From metabolic pathways to current therapeutic implications[J].Life, 2024, 14(5):559.
[43] CUMMINGS J H, POMARE E W, BRANCH W J, et al.Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood[J].Gut, 1987, 28(10):1221-1227.
[44] HOLTUG K, CLAUSEN M R, HOVE H, et al.The colon in carbohydrate malabsorption:Short-chain fatty acids, pH, and osmotic diarrhoea[J].Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 1992, 27(7):545-552.
[45] HAYS K E, PFAFFINGER J M, RYZNAR R.The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease[J].Gut Microbes, 2024, 16(1):2393270.
[46] 秦昆鹏, 王志云, 高骞, 等.乙酸对脂肪代谢的影响及其作用机制[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(5):2544-2554.
QIN K P, WANG Z Y, GAO Q, et al.Effects of acetic acid on fat metabolism and its mechanism[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(5):2544-2554.
[47] MARTIN-GALLAUSIAUX C, MARINELLI L, BLOTTIÈRE H M, et al.SCFA:Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut[J].The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021, 80(1):37-49.
[48] WANG L Y, HE L H, XU L J, et al.Short-chain fatty acids:Bridges between diet, gut microbiota, and health[J].Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2024, 39(9):1728-1736.
[49] HU J M, KYROU I, TAN B K, et al.Short-chain fatty acid acetate stimulates adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis via GPR43 in brown adipocytes[J].Endocrinology, 2016, 157(5):1881-1894.
[50] BOETS E, GOMAND S V, DEROOVER L, et al.Systemic availability and metabolism of colonic-derived short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects:A stable isotope study[J].The Journal of Physiology, 2017, 595(2):541-555.
[51] GREEN C G, ONG M L Y, ROWLAND S N, et al.Investigating serum concentration profiles of orally ingested short-chain fatty acid supplements[J].Food & Function, 2024, 15(23):11525-11536.
[52] SCHRÖDER M, PASIC A, HIRCHE F, et al.Oral supplementation with propionate is reflected in the serum of healthy individuals[J].Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 2025, 18:17562864241309755.
[53] GILL P A, MUIR J G, GIBSON P R, et al.A randomized dietary intervention to increase colonic and peripheral blood SCFAs modulates the blood B- and T-cell compartments in healthy humans[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022, 116(5):1354-1367.
[54] GILL P A, VAN ZELM M C, MUIR J G, et al.Review article:Short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders[J].Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2018, 48(1):15-34.
[55] 陈枝凡, 陈钰璘, 聂莎, 等.瓜蒌薤白白酒汤调节肠道菌群及其代谢物改善小鼠动脉粥样硬化的实验研究[J].中国比较医学杂志, 2024, 34(7):10-19.
CHEN Z F, CHEN Y L, NIE S, et al.Mechanism of Gualou Xiebai Baijiu Decoction for regulating the intestinal microflora and its metabolites to improve atherosclerosis in mice[J].Chinese Journal of Comparative Medicine, 2024, 34(7):10-19.
[56] DEN BESTEN G, VAN EUNEN K, GROEN A K, et al.The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism[J].Journal of Lipid Research, 2013, 54(9):2325-2340.
[57] BORTHAKUR A, GILL R K, HODGES K, et al.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli inhibits butyrate uptake in Caco-2 cells by altering the apical membrane MCT1 level[J].American Journal of Physiology.Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2006, 290(1):G30-G35.
[58] 李翠茹, 彭买姣, 谭周进.肠道菌群相关短链脂肪酸的研究进展[J].世界华人消化杂志, 2022(13):562-570.
LI C R, PENG M J, TAN Z J.Progress in research of intestinal microbiota related short chain fatty acids[J].World Chinese Journal of Digestology, 2022(13):562-570.
[59] XIE Z Q, HE W W, GOBBI A, et al.The effect of in vitro simulated colonic pH gradients on microbial activity and metabolite production using common prebiotics as substrates[J].BMC Microbiology, 2024, 24(1):83.
[60] REICHARDT N, VOLLMER M, HOLTROP G, et al.Specific substrate-driven changes in human faecal microbiota composition contrast with functional redundancy in short-chain fatty acid production[J].The ISME Journal, 2018, 12(2):610-622.
[61] ZHOU X, LI Y Y, YANG Y H, et al.Regulatory effects of Poria cocos polysaccharides on gut microbiota and metabolites:Evaluation of prebiotic potential[J].NPJ Science of Food, 2025, 9:53.
[62] FU J X, ZHENG Y, GAO Y, et al.Dietary fiber intake and gut microbiota in human health[J].Microorganisms, 2022, 10(12):2507.
[63] HEALEY G, MURPHY R, BUTTS C, et al.Habitual dietary fibre intake influences gut microbiota response to an inulin-type fructan prebiotic:A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, human intervention study[J].The British Journal of Nutrition, 2018, 119(2):176-189.
[64] GONDALIA S V, WYMOND B, BENASSI-EVANS B, et al.Substitution of refined conventional wheat flour with wheat high in resistant starch modulates the intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolites in healthy adults:A randomized, controlled trial[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 2022, 152(6):1426-1437.
[65] WILMS E, AN R, SMOLINSKA A, et al.Galacto-oligosaccharides supplementation in prefrail older and healthy adults increased faecal bifidobacteria, but did not impact immune function and oxidative stress[J].Clinical Nutrition, 2021, 40(5):3019-3031.
[66] LIU F T, LI P, CHEN M X, et al.Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) increase Bifidobacterium but reduce butyrate producing bacteria with adverse glycemic metabolism in healthy young population[J].Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:11789.
[67] MÜLLER M, HERMES G D A, EMANUEL E C, et al.Effect of wheat bran derived prebiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal transit, gut microbiota, and metabolic health:A randomized controlled trial in healthy adults with a slow gut transit[J].Gut Microbes, 2020, 12(1):1704141.
[68] PETERSON C T, PEREZ SANTIAGO J, IABLOKOV S N, et al.Short-chain fatty acids modulate healthy gut microbiota composition and functional potential[J].Current Microbiology, 2022, 79(5):128.
[69] WILSON C.Lipophilicity:Understanding the role of lipid affinity in drug design and absorption[J].Journal of Pharmacokinetics & Experimental Therapeutics, 2024, 8(6):1000278.
[70] WANG H, ZHU W, XU C, et al.Engineering organoids-on-chips for drug testing and evaluation[J].Metabolism, 2025, 162:156065.
[71] QIN X, CHEN M Y, HE B H, et al.Role of short-chain fatty acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and potential therapeutic targets[J].Frontiers in Microbiology, 2025, 16:1539972.
[72] SOLDÁN M, ARGALÁŠOVÁ Ł, HADVINOVÁ L, et al.The effect of dietary types on gut microbiota composition and development of non-communicable diseases:A narrative review[J].Nutrients, 2024, 16(18):3134.
文章导航

/

〈 〉