[1] HILL C, GUARNER F, REID G, et al.The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic[J].Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2014, 11(8):506-514.
[2] GUL S, DURANTE-MANGONI E.Unraveling the puzzle:Health benefits of probiotics:A comprehensive review[J].Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2024, 13(5):1436.
[3] BOCCHIO F, MANCABELLI L, MILANI C, et al.Compendium of Bifidobacterium-based probiotics:Characteristics and therapeutic impact on human diseases[J].Microbiome Research Reports, 2024, 4(1):2.
[4] GIBSON G R, HUTKINS R, SANDERS M E, et al.Expert consensus document:The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics[J].Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2017, 14(8):491-502.
[5] CUAMATZIN-GARCÍA L, RODRÍGUEZ-RUGARCÍA P, EL-KASSIS E G, et al.Traditional fermented foods and beverages from around the world and their health benefits[J].Microorganisms, 2022, 10(6):1151.
[6] FEI Y Q, CHEN Z B, HAN S Y, et al.Role of prebiotics in enhancing the function of next-generation probiotics in gut microbiota[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2023, 63(8):1037-1054.
[7] STEC A, SIKORA M, MACIEJEWSKA M, et al.Bacterial metabolites:A link between gut microbiota and dermatological diseases[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023, 24(4):3494.
[8] SOBH M, MONTROY J, DAHAM Z, et al.Tolerability and SCFA production after resistant starch supplementation in humans:A systematic review of randomized controlled studies[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022, 115(3):608-618.
[9] 杨雪, 高亚男, 王加启, 等.短链脂肪酸的功能研究进展[J].食品科学, 2023, 44(13):408-417.
YANG X, GAO Y N, WANG J Q, et al.Research progress on the functions of short chain fatty acid[J].Food Science, 2023, 44(13):408-417.
[10] GAO Y N, YAO Q Q, MENG L, et al.Double-side role of short chain fatty acids on host health via the gut-organ axes[J].Animal Nutrition, 2024, 18:322-339.
[11] ZHANG D, JIAN Y P, ZHANG Y N, et al.Short-chain fatty acids in diseases[J].Cell Communication and Signaling, 2023, 21(1):212.
[12] MARTINDALE R G, MUNDI M S, HURT R T, et al.Short-chain fatty acids in clinical practice:Where are we?[J].Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 2025, 28(2):54-60.
[13] DAÏEN C I, TAN J, AUDO R, et al.Gut-derived acetate promotes B10 cells with antiinflammatory effects[J].JCI Insight, 2021, 6(7):e144156.
[14] YAN J L, PAN Y B, SHAO W M, et al.Beneficial effect of the short-chain fatty acid propionate on vascular calcification through intestinal microbiota remodelling[J].Microbiome, 2022, 10(1):195.
[15] WANG Z, MA X Y, SHI W B, et al.The gut microbiota metabolite butyrate modulates acute stress-induced ferroptosis in the prefrontal cortex via the gut-brain axis[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2025, 26(4):1698.
[16] SHAIDULLOV I F, SOROKINA D M, SITDIKOV F G, et al.Short chain fatty acids and colon motility in a mouse model of irritable bowel syndrome[J].BMC Gastroenterology, 2021, 21(1):37.
[17] SAM Q H, LING H, YEW W S, et al.The divergent immunomodulatory effects of short chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids[J].International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(12):6453.
[18] GUO Q Q, QIN H, LIU X L, et al.The emerging roles of human gut microbiota in gastrointestinal cancer[J].Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13:915047.
[19] LOUIS P, HOLD G L, FLINT H J.The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer[J].Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2014, 12(10):661-672.
[20] DELEU S, MACHIELS K, RAES J, et al.Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms:An overlooked therapy for IBD?[J].eBioMedicine, 2021, 66:103293.
[21] GERUNOVA L K, GERUNOV T V, P’YANOVA L G, et al.Butyric acid and prospects for creation of new medicines based on its derivatives:A literature review[J].Journal of Veterinary Science, 2024, 25(2):e23.
[22] LIN J, NAFDAY S M, CHAUVIN S N, et al.Variable effects of short chain fatty acids and lactic acid in inducing intestinal mucosal injury in newborn rats[J].Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2002, 35(4):545-550.
[23] LIU M Y, LU Y B, XUE G Y, et al.Role of short-chain fatty acids in host physiology[J].Animal Models and Experimental Medicine, 2024, 7(5):641-652.
[24] SERINO M.SCFAs:The thin microbial metabolic line between good and bad[J].Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 2019, 15(6):318-319.
[25] PERRY R J, PENG L, BARRY N A, et al.Acetate mediates a microbiome-brain-β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome[J].Nature, 2016, 534(7606):213-217.
[26] VANCAMELBEKE M, LAEREMANS T, VANHOVE W, et al.Butyrate does not protect against inflammation-induced loss of epithelial barrier function and cytokine production in primary cell monolayers from patients with ulcerative colitis[J].Journal of Crohn’s & Colitis, 2019, 13(10):1351-1361.
[27] TRAPECAR M, COMMUNAL C, VELAZQUEZ J, et al.Gut-liver physiomimetics reveal paradoxical modulation of IBD-related inflammation by short-chain fatty acids[J].Cell Systems, 2020, 10(3):223-239.e9.
[28] HUANG X Z, LI Z R, ZHU L B, et al.Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase attenuates butyrate-induced intestinal barrier impairment in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model[J].Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2014, 59(2):264-269.
[29] ZHU F, WANG W, MA Q, et al.Role of short-chain fatty acids in the gut-brain axis in schizophrenia:Contribution to immune activation and pathophysiology in humans and mice[J].BioResource Information Exchange, 2020:021915.
[30] PARK J, GOERGEN C J, HOGENESCH H, et al.Chronically elevated levels of short-chain fatty acids induce T cell-mediated ureteritis and hydronephrosis[J].Journal of Immunology, 2016, 196(5):2388-2400.
[31] GUO F H, PENG L, XIONG H, et al.Bioaccessibility and transport of lentil hull polyphenols in vitro, and their bioavailability and metabolism in rats[J].Food Research International, 2023, 167:112634.
[32] GILL P A, BOGATYREV A, VAN ZELM M C, et al.Delivery of acetate to the peripheral blood after consumption of foods high in short-chain fatty acids[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2021, 65(4):2000953.
[33] POUTEAU E, NGUYEN P, BALLÈVRE O, et al.Production rates and metabolism of short-chain fatty acids in the colon and whole body using stable isotopes[J].The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2003, 62(1):87-93.
[34] KOH A, DE VADDER F, KOVATCHEVA-DATCHARY P, et al.From dietary fiber to host physiology:Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites[J].Cell, 2016, 165(6):1332-1345.
[35] CHEN C, LIU C L, ZHANG K, et al.The role of gut microbiota and its metabolites short-chain fatty acids in food allergy[J].Food Science and Human Wellness, 2023, 12(3):702-710.
[36] 卜子晨, 夏永军, 艾连中, 等.益生菌中短链脂肪酸的合成途径及功能性研究[J].食品与发酵工业, 2022, 48(14):286-291;302.
BU Z C, XIA Y J, AI L Z, et al.Synthetic pathway and functional study of short chain fatty acids in probiotics[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2022, 48(14):286-291;302.
[37] ESPOSITO A, TAMBURINI S, TRIBOLI L, et al.Insights into the genome structure of four acetogenic bacteria with specific reference to the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway[J].MicrobiologyOpen, 2019, 8(12):e938.
[38] REICHARDT N, DUNCAN S H, YOUNG P, et al.Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota[J].The ISME Journal, 2014, 8(6):1323-1335.
[39] FROLOVA M S, SUVOROVA I A, IABLOKOV S N, et al.Genomic reconstruction of short-chain fatty acid production by the human gut microbiota[J].Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 2022, 9:949563.
[40] 傅云扉, 魏琦麟, 袁明贵, 等.丁酸梭菌及产丁酸代谢改造[J].中国生物工程杂志, 2022, 42(1):37-45.
FU Y F, WEI Q L, YUAN M G, et al.Research progress of Clostridium butyricum and metabolic modification of butyric acid production[J].China Biotechnology, 2022, 42(1):37-45.
[41] 杨荣, 张彤心, 钱莉.短链脂肪酸抗癌机制研究进展[J].中国肿瘤临床, 2022, 49(8):417-421.
YANG R, ZHANG T X, QIAN L.Research progress on anticancer mechanism of short-chain fatty acids[J].Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2022, 49(8):417-421.
[42] FACCHIN S, BERTIN L, BONAZZI E, et al.Short-chain fatty acids and human health:From metabolic pathways to current therapeutic implications[J].Life, 2024, 14(5):559.
[43] CUMMINGS J H, POMARE E W, BRANCH W J, et al.Short chain fatty acids in human large intestine, portal, hepatic and venous blood[J].Gut, 1987, 28(10):1221-1227.
[44] HOLTUG K, CLAUSEN M R, HOVE H, et al.The colon in carbohydrate malabsorption:Short-chain fatty acids, pH, and osmotic diarrhoea[J].Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 1992, 27(7):545-552.
[45] HAYS K E, PFAFFINGER J M, RYZNAR R.The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease[J].Gut Microbes, 2024, 16(1):2393270.
[46] 秦昆鹏, 王志云, 高骞, 等.乙酸对脂肪代谢的影响及其作用机制[J].动物营养学报, 2021, 33(5):2544-2554.
QIN K P, WANG Z Y, GAO Q, et al.Effects of acetic acid on fat metabolism and its mechanism[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2021, 33(5):2544-2554.
[47] MARTIN-GALLAUSIAUX C, MARINELLI L, BLOTTIÈRE H M, et al.SCFA:Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut[J].The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021, 80(1):37-49.
[48] WANG L Y, HE L H, XU L J, et al.Short-chain fatty acids:Bridges between diet, gut microbiota, and health[J].Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2024, 39(9):1728-1736.
[49] HU J M, KYROU I, TAN B K, et al.Short-chain fatty acid acetate stimulates adipogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis via GPR43 in brown adipocytes[J].Endocrinology, 2016, 157(5):1881-1894.
[50] BOETS E, GOMAND S V, DEROOVER L, et al.Systemic availability and metabolism of colonic-derived short-chain fatty acids in healthy subjects:A stable isotope study[J].The Journal of Physiology, 2017, 595(2):541-555.
[51] GREEN C G, ONG M L Y, ROWLAND S N, et al.Investigating serum concentration profiles of orally ingested short-chain fatty acid supplements[J].Food & Function, 2024, 15(23):11525-11536.
[52] SCHRÖDER M, PASIC A, HIRCHE F, et al.Oral supplementation with propionate is reflected in the serum of healthy individuals[J].Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders, 2025, 18:17562864241309755.
[53] GILL P A, MUIR J G, GIBSON P R, et al.A randomized dietary intervention to increase colonic and peripheral blood SCFAs modulates the blood B- and T-cell compartments in healthy humans[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2022, 116(5):1354-1367.
[54] GILL P A, VAN ZELM M C, MUIR J G, et al.Review article:Short chain fatty acids as potential therapeutic agents in human gastrointestinal and inflammatory disorders[J].Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2018, 48(1):15-34.
[55] 陈枝凡, 陈钰璘, 聂莎, 等.瓜蒌薤白白酒汤调节肠道菌群及其代谢物改善小鼠动脉粥样硬化的实验研究[J].中国比较医学杂志, 2024, 34(7):10-19.
CHEN Z F, CHEN Y L, NIE S, et al.Mechanism of Gualou Xiebai Baijiu Decoction for regulating the intestinal microflora and its metabolites to improve atherosclerosis in mice[J].Chinese Journal of Comparative Medicine, 2024, 34(7):10-19.
[56] DEN BESTEN G, VAN EUNEN K, GROEN A K, et al.The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host energy metabolism[J].Journal of Lipid Research, 2013, 54(9):2325-2340.
[57] BORTHAKUR A, GILL R K, HODGES K, et al.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli inhibits butyrate uptake in Caco-2 cells by altering the apical membrane MCT1 level[J].American Journal of Physiology.Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 2006, 290(1):G30-G35.
[58] 李翠茹, 彭买姣, 谭周进.肠道菌群相关短链脂肪酸的研究进展[J].世界华人消化杂志, 2022(13):562-570.
LI C R, PENG M J, TAN Z J.Progress in research of intestinal microbiota related short chain fatty acids[J].World Chinese Journal of Digestology, 2022(13):562-570.
[59] XIE Z Q, HE W W, GOBBI A, et al.The effect of in vitro simulated colonic pH gradients on microbial activity and metabolite production using common prebiotics as substrates[J].BMC Microbiology, 2024, 24(1):83.
[60] REICHARDT N, VOLLMER M, HOLTROP G, et al.Specific substrate-driven changes in human faecal microbiota composition contrast with functional redundancy in short-chain fatty acid production[J].The ISME Journal, 2018, 12(2):610-622.
[61] ZHOU X, LI Y Y, YANG Y H, et al.Regulatory effects of Poria cocos polysaccharides on gut microbiota and metabolites:Evaluation of prebiotic potential[J].NPJ Science of Food, 2025, 9:53.
[62] FU J X, ZHENG Y, GAO Y, et al.Dietary fiber intake and gut microbiota in human health[J].Microorganisms, 2022, 10(12):2507.
[63] HEALEY G, MURPHY R, BUTTS C, et al.Habitual dietary fibre intake influences gut microbiota response to an inulin-type fructan prebiotic:A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, human intervention study[J].The British Journal of Nutrition, 2018, 119(2):176-189.
[64] GONDALIA S V, WYMOND B, BENASSI-EVANS B, et al.Substitution of refined conventional wheat flour with wheat high in resistant starch modulates the intestinal microbiota and fecal metabolites in healthy adults:A randomized, controlled trial[J].The Journal of Nutrition, 2022, 152(6):1426-1437.
[65] WILMS E, AN R, SMOLINSKA A, et al.Galacto-oligosaccharides supplementation in prefrail older and healthy adults increased faecal bifidobacteria, but did not impact immune function and oxidative stress[J].Clinical Nutrition, 2021, 40(5):3019-3031.
[66] LIU F T, LI P, CHEN M X, et al.Fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) increase Bifidobacterium but reduce butyrate producing bacteria with adverse glycemic metabolism in healthy young population[J].Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:11789.
[67] MÜLLER M, HERMES G D A, EMANUEL E C, et al.Effect of wheat bran derived prebiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal transit, gut microbiota, and metabolic health:A randomized controlled trial in healthy adults with a slow gut transit[J].Gut Microbes, 2020, 12(1):1704141.
[68] PETERSON C T, PEREZ SANTIAGO J, IABLOKOV S N, et al.Short-chain fatty acids modulate healthy gut microbiota composition and functional potential[J].Current Microbiology, 2022, 79(5):128.
[69] WILSON C.Lipophilicity:Understanding the role of lipid affinity in drug design and absorption[J].Journal of Pharmacokinetics & Experimental Therapeutics, 2024, 8(6):1000278.
[70] WANG H, ZHU W, XU C, et al.Engineering organoids-on-chips for drug testing and evaluation[J].Metabolism, 2025, 162:156065.
[71] QIN X, CHEN M Y, HE B H, et al.Role of short-chain fatty acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and potential therapeutic targets[J].Frontiers in Microbiology, 2025, 16:1539972.
[72] SOLDÁN M, ARGALÁOVÁ Ł, HADVINOVÁ L, et al.The effect of dietary types on gut microbiota composition and development of non-communicable diseases:A narrative review[J].Nutrients, 2024, 16(18):3134.