Research progress of biological activity and chemical structure of saponins (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)
LIN Bingjie1, JING Jinjin1, ZHANG Ruoyu1, DU Lidong2, JI Xiaoying1, DING Kangjie1, XUE Peng1*
1(College of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China) 2(College of Medical, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China)
Abstract: In recent years, quinoa has been widely planted in China because of its excellent crop performance, especially in Yunnan, Gansu, Sichuan and other barren areas. However, people only pay attention to the nutritional composition of quinoa grains. The bioactive substances (such as saponins, polyphenols and flavonoids) in the by-products of quinoa processing (wheat husks, stems and leaves) were ignored. Recent studies have shown that quinoa saponins not only play a role in plant defense system, but also have a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and so on. Therefore, quinoa saponins have a good application value in health care, drug development, food, cosmetics and so on. In addition, as a folk traditional medicine, saponins have been used to treat diseases for hundreds of years. This paper summarized the research status, chemical structure and biological activity of Chenopodium quiona saponins which provide a reference for the study of comprehensive utilization and offer opinions for improving the further economic benefits of Chenopodium quinoa.
林冰洁,荆金金,张若愚,等. 藜麦皂苷生物活性与化学结构研究进展[J]. 食品与发酵工业, 2020, 46(24): 300-306.
LIN Bingjie,JING Jinjin,ZHANG Ruoyu,et al. Research progress of biological activity and chemical structure of saponins (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries, 2020, 46(24): 300-306.
LI G T, ZHU F.Quinoa starch:Structure, properties, and applications[J].Carbohydrate Polymers, 2018, 181: 851-861.
[2]
GUERRERO J B S, RODRIGUEZ D J D, GARCIA R R.Quinoa saponins:Concentration and composition analysis[C].Trends in New Crops & New Uses Fifth National Symposium,2002.
[3]
NASCIMENTO A C, MOTA C, COLHO I, et al.Characterisation of nutrient profile of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus), and purple corn (Zea mays L.) consumed in the North of Argentina:Proximates, minerals and trace elements[J].Food Chemistry, 2014, 148:420-426.
[4]
TANG Y, TSAO R.Phytochemicals in quinoa and amaranth grains and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential health beneficial effects:A review[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2017, 61(7):1-16.
[5]
VARLI S N, SANLIER N.Nutritional and health benefits of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)[J].Journal of Cereal Science, 2016, 69:371-376.
[6]
邓俊琳, 夏陈, 张盈娇, 等.拉萨藜麦的营养成分分析与比较[J].中国食物与营养, 2017, 23(9):55-58.DENG J L, XIA C, ZHANG Y J, et al.Nutrition composition analysis on quinoa cultivated in Lasa[J].Food and Nutrition in China, 2017, 23(9):55-58.
[7]
贾金才, 杨颖辉, 王亚荣.张北县藜麦产业发展现状分析[J].农业与技术, 2020, 40(5):29-30.JIA J C, YANG Y H, WANG Y R.Analysis on the development status of quinoa industry in Zhangbei county[J].Agriculture and Technology, 2020, 40(5):29-30.
[8]
徐骋. 基于藜麦的种植技术与营养价值分析[J].农家参谋, 2019(20):71.XU P.Planting technology and nutritional value analysis based on quinoa[J].The Farmers Consultant, 2019(20):71.
[9]
梁军林, 李霞, 李嘉奕, 等.藜麦产品研发现状及前景[J].粮食加工, 2017, 42(6):64-67.LIANG J L, LI X, LI J Y, et al.Development status and prospects of quinoa products[J].Grain Processing, 2017, 42(6):64-67.
[10]
USTUNDAG O Z, MAZZA G.Saponins:Properties, applications and processing[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2007, 47(3):231-258.
[11]
PICKETT J A, KHAN Z R.Plant volatile-mediated signalling and its application in agriculture:Successes and challenges[J].New Phytologist, 2016, 212(4):856-870.
[12]
MITHOFER A, BOLAND W, MAFFEI M E. Annual Plant Reviews, Molecular Aspects of Plant Disease Resistance[M]. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009:261-291.
[13]
QASIM M, ISLAM W, JAVARIA H, et al. Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites[M]. Switzerland: Springer, 2019:898-911.
[14]
JARVIE D E, HO Y S, LIGHTFOOT A J, et al.The genome of Chenopodium quinoa[J].Nature,2017, 542(7 641):307-312.
[15]
JURADO J F, POLLIER J, MOSES T, et al.Saponin determination, expression analysis and functional characterization of saponin biosynthetic genes in Chenopodium quinoa leaves[J].Plant Science, 2016, 250:188-197.
[16]
XUE P, ZHAO L, WANG Y J, et al.Reducing the damage of quinoa saponins on human gastric mucosal cells by a heating process[J].Food Science & Nutrition, 2020, 8(1):500-510.
[17]
JURADO J F, POLLIER J, MOSES T, et al.Saponin determination, expression analysis and functional characterization of saponin biosynthetic genes in Chenopodium quinoa leaves[J].Plant Science, 2016,250:188-197.
[18]
CHWALEK M, LALUN N, HELENE B, et al.Structure-activity relationships of some hederagenin diglycosides:Haemolysis, cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction[J].Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta General Subjects, 2006, 1760(9):1 418-1 427.
[19]
HO S S, PAL S.Margarine phytosterols decrease the secretion of atherogenic lipoproteins from HepG2 liver and Caco2 intestinal cells[J].Atherosclerosis, 2005, 182(1):29-36.
[20]
SOLTANI M, PARIVAR K, BAHARARA J, et al.Hemolytic and cytotoxic properties of saponin purified from Holothuria leucospilota sea cucumber[J].Reports of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, 2014, 3(1):43-50.
[21]
MADL T, STERK H, MITTELBACH M, et al.Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of a complex triterpene saponin mixture of Chenopodium quinoa[J].Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, 2006, 17(6):795-806.
[22]
MUIR A D, BALLANTYUE K D, HALL T W. Saponins in Food, Feedstuffs and Medicinal Plants[M]. Oxford and London: Clarendon Press, 2000:35-41.
[23]
CHAUHANG S, ESKINN A M, TKACHUK R.Nutrients and antinutrients in quinoa seed[J].Cereal Chemistry, 1992, 69(1):85-88.
[24]
CUADRADO C, AYET G, BURBANO C, et al.Occurrence of saponins and sapogenols in Andean crops[J].Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture, 1995, 67(2):169-172.
[25]
MASTEBROEK H D, LIMBURG H, GILLES T, et al.Occurrence of sapogenins in leaves and seeds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd)[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2000, 80(1):152-156.
[26]
LIM J G, PARK H M, YOON K S.Analysis of saponin composition and comparison of the antioxidant activity of various parts of the quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)[J].Food Science & Nutrition, 2020, 8(1):694-702.
[27]
WOLDEMICHAEL G M, WINK M.Identification and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from Chenopodium quinoa[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 2001:49(5):2 327-2 332.
[28]
DINI I, SCHETTINO O, SIMIOLI T, et al.Studies on the constituents of Chenopodium quinoa Seeds: Isolation and characterization of new triterpene saponins[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 2001, 49(2):741-746.
[29]
DINI I, TENORE G C, SCHETTINO O, et al.New oleanane saponins in Chenopodium quinoa[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2001, 49(8):3 976-3 981.
[30]
ZHU N Q, SHENG S Q, SANG S M, et al.Triterpene saponins from debittered quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) seeds[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 2002, 50(4):865-867.
[31]
KUJANABHAGAVAD T, THONGPHASUK P, CHAMULITRAT W, et al.Triterpene saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd[J].Phytochemistry, 2008, 69(9):1 919-1 926.
[32]
VERZA S G, SILVERIRA F, CIBULSKI S, et al.Immunoadjuvant activity, toxicity assays, and determination by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS of triterpenic saponins from Chenopodium quinoa seeds[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, 2012, 60(12):3 113-3 118.
[33]
ESCRIBANO J, CABANES J, ATIRNZAR M J, et al.Characterization of betalains, saponins and antioxidant power in differently colored quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) varieties[J].Food Chemistry, 2017, 234(1):285-294.
[34]
DONG S X, YANG X S, ZHAO L, et al.Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd.husks against foodborne pathogenic bacteria[J].Industrial Crops & Products, 2020, 149:112 350.
[35]
LETELIER M E, ROJAS C R, JOFRE S S, et al.Surfactant and antioxidant properties of an extract from Chenopodium quinoa Willd seed coats[J].Journal of Cereal Science, 2011, 53(2):239-243.
[36]
NSIMBA R Y, KIKUZAKI H, KONISHI Y.Antioxidant activity of various extracts and fractions of Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus spp seeds[J].Food Chemistry, 2007, 106(2):760-766.
[37]
杜静婷, 陈超, 范三红.响应面法优化藜麦糠皂苷的提取及抗氧化活性[J].山西农业科学, 2016, 44(7):932-937.DU J T, CHEN C, FAN S H.Optimization of extraction conditions for saponins from Chenopodium quinoa bran by response surface[J].Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 44(7):932-937.
[38]
STUARDO M, MARTIN R S.Antifungal properties of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) alkali treated saponins against Botrytis cinerea[J].Industrial Crops & Products, 2007, 27(3):296-302.
[39]
SUN X Y, YANG X S, XUE P, et al.Improved ant ibacterial effects of alkali-transformed saponin from quinoa husks against halitosis-related bacteria[J].Bmc Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 2019, 19(1):46.
[40]
YAO Y, YANG X S, SHI Z X, et al.Anti-inflammatory activity of saponins from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages Cells[J].Journal of Food Science, 2014, 79(5);1 018-1 023.
[41]
YANG Y, LAVAL S, YUB B.Chemical synthesis of saponins[J].Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry,2014, 71:137-226.
[42]
SUN Y X, LI M Q, LIU J C.Haemolytic activities and adjuvant effect of Anemone raddeana saponins (ARS) on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice[J].International Immunopharmacology, 2008, 8(8):1 095-1 102.
[43]
SUN H X, XIE Y, YE Y P.Advances in saponin-based adjuvants[J].Vaccine, 2009, 27(12):1 787-1 796.
[44]
SONG X M, HU S H.Adjuvant activities of saponins from traditional Chinese medicinal herbs[J].Vaccine, 2009, 27(36):4 883-4 890.
[45]
RAVINDRA C J, RICARDO S M, NAVARRETE C S, et al.Efficacy of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) saponins against golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata) in the Philippines under laboratory conditions[J].Crop Protection, 2007, 27(3):553-557.
[46]
MARTIN R S, NDJOKO K, HOSTETTMAN K.Novel molluscicide against Pomacea canaliculata based on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) saponin[J].Crop Protection, 2007, 27(3):310-319.
[47]
RUIZ M C, JONES H C, SCHLOTTERBECK T, et al.Safety and efficacy of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) saponins derived molluscicide to control of Pomacea maculata in rice fields in the Ebro Delta, Spain[J].Crop Protection, 2018, 111:42-49.
[48]
YAO Y, ZHU Y Y, GAO Y, et al.Suppressive effects of saponin-enriched extracts from quinoa on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation[J].Food & Function, 2015, 6(10):3 282-3 290.
[49]
FOUCAULT A S, EVEN P, LAFONT R, et al.Quinoa extract enriched in 20-hydroxyecdysone affects energy homeostasis and intestinal fat absorption in mice fed a high-fat diet[J].Phys Behavior, 2014, 128:226-231.
[50]
冯焕琴. 藜麦活性物质提取及测定方法的比较[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学, 2017.FENG H Q.Comparison of extraction and determination methods of active substances in quinoa[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University, 2017.
2020, Vol. 46 
