使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)建立了聚乳酸(polyactic acid, PLA)发泡餐盒中2种爽滑剂(硬脂酰胺和芥酸酰胺)的检测方法,并研究这2种爽滑剂向3种食品模拟物的迁移,PLA发泡餐盒在40 ℃和70 ℃下与异辛烷、无水乙醇和95%体积分数乙醇的双面接触;使用毒理学关注阈值法(threshold of toxicological concern, TTC)对餐盒中2种爽滑剂进行风险评估。结果表明,2种爽滑剂向95%体积分数的乙醇和无水乙醇的迁移量几乎相同,均高于在异辛烷中的迁移量;与芥酸酰胺相比,硬脂酰胺向食品模拟物中迁移的更快,有更高的迁移率,但由于芥酸酰胺在餐盒中的初始含量远大于硬脂酰胺,所以芥酸酰胺的迁移量要大于硬脂酰胺;从PLA发泡餐盒中迁移到食品模拟物中的硬脂酰胺和芥酸酰胺,其估计日摄入量(estimated daily intake,EDI)分别为0.34 mg/(人·d),0.73 mg/(人·d),均超过安全阈值0.09 mg/(人·d),说明该PLA发泡餐盒作为食品接触材料使用时要严格控制爽滑剂的用量,确保食品安全。
A method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)to detect two slipping agents, stearic amide and erucic amide, in polyactic acid (PLA) foaming containers, was established. Migrations of two slipping agents into three food simulants (isooctane, ethanol, and 95% ethanol) were investigated at 40 ℃ and 70 ℃. PLA foaming containers were double-sided contacted with food simulants. Besides, threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) was introduced to assess the safety of two slipping agents in foods. It was shown that the migration amounts of two slipping agents into ethanol and 95% ethanol were almost the same, which were both higher than migrating to isooctane. Compared with erucic amide, stearic mide migrated faster into food simulants and had higher migration rate. However, since the initial content of erucic amide in PLA foaming containers was much higher than that of stearic amide, the migration amount of erucic amide was higher. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) of migrated stearic amide and erucic amide in food simulants were 0.34 mg/person/day and 0.73 mg/person/day, respectively. Both were higher than the safety threshold 0.09 mg/person/day, which means the amount of slipping agent used in this PLA foaming containers should be strictly controlled to ensure food safety.
[1] ZHOU C, FANG W, XU W, et al. Characteristics and the recovery potential of plastic wastes obtained from landfill mining[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2014, 80: 80-86.
[2] SALEEM J, ADIL RIAZ M, GORDON M. Oil sorbents from plastic wastes and polymers: A review[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 341: 424-437.
[3] 韩巧臻. 白色垃圾污染现状及防治对策[J]. 阴山学刊, 2001(5): 29-30.
[4] FUKUSHIMA K, TABUANI D, ABBATE C, et al. Preparation, characterization and biodegradation of biopolymer nanocomposites based on fumed silica[J]. European Polymer Journal, 2011, 47(2): 139-152.
[5] SCARFATO P, DI-MAIO L, INCARNATO L. Recent advances and migration issues in biodegradable polymers from renewable sources for food packaging [J]. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2015, 132(48): 42 597
[6] 郭昊奇. 以白色化学污染为例浅析我国高分子可降解材料的应用现状及前景[J]. 化工管理, 2017(32): 59-60.
[7] Al-OTHMAN O, JAWAID M, SABA N. An overview on polylactic acid, its cellulosic composites and applications[J]. Current Organic Synthesis, 2017, 14(2):156-170.
[8] SYED ALI ASHTER. 6-additives and modifiers for biopolymers[M]. Oxford:William Andrew Publishing, 2016:153-178.
[9] FARAJZADEH M A, EBRAHIMI M, RANJ A, et al. HPLC and GC methods for determination of lubricants and their evaluation in analysis of real samples of polyethylene[J]. Microchimica Acta, 2006, 153(1-2): 73-78.
[10] 房宁,王子剑,赵劲松,等. 气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料润滑剂在脂类食品模拟物中迁移量[J]. 中国食品卫生杂志, 2016,28(3): 319-322.
[11] 任晓兵. 开口爽滑剂在低密度聚乙烯薄膜中的应用[J]. 当代化工, 2017,46(1): 173-176.
[12] GUNNING M A, GEEVER L M, KILLION J A, et al. Melt processing of bioplastic composites via twin screw extrusion and injection molding[J]. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2014, 53(4): 379-386.
[13] 曹胜先,吕红丽,汪涵. 新型开口爽滑剂母料在聚烯烃薄膜中的应用[J]. 塑料科技, 2009,37(3): 59-63.
[14] 聂海平,吴剑,吴国岚. 爽滑剂和防粘开口剂在塑料薄膜中的应用[J]. 塑料助剂, 2017(3): 19-22.
[15] FEKETE Z, RÓFUSZ T, ANGYAL V, et al. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis and subsequent quality improvement of plastic infusion packaging materials[J]. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2014, 97: 111-115.
[16] LV G, WANG L, LIU J, et al. Method for determination of fatty acid amides in polyethylene packaging materials—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2009, 1 216(48): 8 545-8 548.
[17] 郝萍,王海,韩晓昱,等. 用气相色谱法测定高密度聚乙烯中爽滑剂芥酸酰胺的含量[J]. 石化技术与应用, 2013,31(1): 71-73.
[18] GARRIDO-LÓPEZQ, ESQUIU V, TENA M T. Determination of oleamide and erucamide in polyethylene films by pressurised fluid extraction and gas chromatography[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, 1 124(1-2): 51-56.
[19] Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 of 14 January 2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food[S].Official Journal of the European Union,2011.
[20] 张明, 林勤保,单利君,等.石墨烯/低密度聚乙烯复合包装膜中2种抗氧化剂向食品模拟物异辛烷的迁移[J]. 食品科学,2017,38(20):209-214.
[21] HENNES E C. An overview of values for the threshold of toxicological concern[J]. Toxicology Letters, 2012, 211(3): 296-303.
[22] 杨岳平,胡长鹰,李克亚,等. 毒理学关注阈值方法在食品接触材料风险评估中的应用[J]. 食品科学, 2015,36(23): 334-339.
[23] Guidance Documents & Regulatory Information by Topic - Guidance for Industry: Preparation of Premarket Submissions for Food Contact Substances: Chemistry Recommendations[S].Offical of Food Additive Safety, 2007.
[24] SCARFATO P, DI MAIO L, MILANA M R, et al. Performance properties, lactic acid specific migration and swelling by simulant of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/nanoclay multilayer films for food packaging[J]. Food Additives & Contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment. 2017, 34(10): 1 730-1 742.
[25] KROES R. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): Guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet[J]. Toxicologic Pathology, 2016, 32(Suppl.2): 93.
[26] JABEEN N, MAJID I, NAYIK G A. Bioplastics and food packaging: A review[J]. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 2015, 1:117 749.
[27] 张龙翼,晏宸然,张崟,等. 聚乳酸的合成方法及其应用[J]. 农产品加工, 2018(10): 63-66.