脂肪酸是维持人体生存的必需营养物之一。国内外一致认为二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十碳四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)对大脑的发育具有重要的意义。肠道微生物与人体健康息息相关,然而对于不同浓度、不同饱和度的脂肪酸对肠道菌群的影响尚无相关研究。该研究从omega-3、6族中各挑选出代表性的脂肪酸,以DHA、AA、椰子油作为研究对象,通过油脂的乳化技术和体外动态仿生大肠反应器,对健康成人的肠道菌群进行体外厌氧发酵培养,探究了不同浓度、不同饱和度的脂肪酸对肠道菌群及代谢的影响。结果表明,2 mL/L DHA组中短链脂肪酸乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度分别达到了54.79、8.34、1.45 mmol/L,比2 mL/L阳性对照组分别变化了11.48%、-1.41%和66.98%,并且16S rDNA测序显示2 mL/L DHA组还稳定了肠道菌群,上调了不动杆菌属和双歧杆菌属等有益菌属。此外,低不饱和度脂肪酸较高不饱和度脂肪酸表现出更高的益生活性。该研究结果表明2 mL/L低饱和度的脂肪酸DHA对健康成人的肠道菌群具有正向影响。
Omega fatty acid is of particular interest in terms of theirs effects on intestinal microflora with different concentration and saturation. Although the effect of omega-3 on the human gut microbiota has been discussed in several studies, the results and discussion of the inability to standardize in human’s gut and the absence of integrated unsaturation are still insufficient. In this study, lab-made the new dynamic model bionic gastrointestinal reactor be applied to instantiate stand objects. DHA, AA and coconut oil were selected from omega-3 and 6 groups of fatty acids, and used as research objects. The effects of different concentrations and saturation of fatty acids on the intestinal flora and metabolism were studied by anaerobic fermentation in vitro. The results showed that the concentrations of short-chain fatty acid such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in DHA group were 54.79, 8.34, and 1.45 mmol/L, respectively. Compared with the positive control group, the changes were 11.48%, -1.41% and 66.98%, respectively, and the moderate DHA group also stabilized the intestinal flora and up-regulated the beneficial bacteria such as Acinetobacter and Bifidobacterium. It showed that low saturation had more significant effect on reducing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and increasing the abundance of probiotics than high saturation. The results suggest that low-saturated fatty acid DHA has a positive effect on the intestinal flora of healthy adults.
[1] VAN DIJK S J, ZHOU J, PETERS T J, et al.Effect of prenatal DHA supplementation on the infant epigenome:Results from a randomized controlled trial[J].Clinical Epigenetics, 2016, 8(1):1-13.
[2] TALLIMA H, EL RIDI R.Arachidonic acid:Physiological roles and potential health benefits -A review[J].Journal of Advanced Research, 2018, 11:33-41.
[3] MARTÍN R, MIQUEL S, ULMER J, et al.Gut ecosystem:How microbes help us[J].Beneficial Microbes, 2014, 5(3):219-233.
[4] ARPAIA N, CAMPBELL C, FAN X Y, et al.Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation[J].Nature, 2013, 504(7480):451-455.
[5] YAN J L, PAN Y B, SHAO W M, et al.Beneficial effect of the short-chain fatty acid propionate on vascular calcification through intestinal microbiota remodelling[J].Microbiome, 2022, 10(1):195.
[6] MOLLY K, WOESTYNE M, VERSTRAETE W.Development of a 5-step multi-chamber reactor as a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1993, 39(2):254-258.
[7] DE BOEVER P, WOUTERS R, VERSCHAEVE L, et al.Protective effect of the bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri against bile salt cytotoxicity[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2000, 53(6):709-714.
[8] MINEKUS M, SMEETS-PEETERS M, BERNALIER A, et al.A computer-controlled system to simulate conditions of the large intestine with peristaltic mixing, water absorption and absorption of fermentation products[J].Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 1999, 53(1):108-114.
[9] THUENEMANN E C.Dynamic Digestion Models:General Introduction[M]// The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health.Cham:Springer, 2015:33-36.
[10] MENNI C, ZIERER J, PALLISTER T, et al.Omega-3 fatty acids correlate with gut microbiome diversity and production of N-carbamylglutamate in middle aged and elderly women[J].Scientific Reports, 2017, 7:11079.
[11] LI H, WU C C, YIN Z W, et al.Emulsifying properties and bioavailability of clove essential oil Pickering emulsions stabilized by octadecylaminated carboxymethyl curdlan[J].International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022, 216:629-642.
[12] LI Z T, ZHU L, ZHANG W L, et al.New dynamic digestion model reactor that mimics gastrointestinal function[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 154:107431.
[13] MÍGUEZ B, VILA C, VENEMA K, et al.Prebiotic effects of pectooligosaccharides obtained from lemon peel on the microbiota from elderly donors using an in vitro continuous colon model (TIM-2)[J].Food & Function, 2020, 11(11):9984-9999.
[14] AGUIRRE M, ECK A, KOENEN M E, et al.Evaluation of an optimal preparation of human standardized fecal inocula for in vitro fermentation studies[J].Journal of Microbiological Methods, 2015, 117:78-84.
[15] 胡国奥, 詹晓北, 李志涛, 等.低谷蛋白大米在仿生大肠反应器中对肠道菌群结构及代谢的影响[J].食品与发酵工业, 2021, 47(13):23-29.
HU G A, ZHAN X B, LI Z T, et al.Effects of flow glutelin rice on composition and metabolism of intestinal flora in bionic large intestinal reactor[J].Food and Fermentation Industries, 2021, 47(13):23-29.
[16] SASABE J, MIYOSHI Y, RAKOFF-NAHOUM S,et al.Interplay between microbial D-amino acids and host D-amino acid oxidase modifies murine mucosal defence and gut microbiota[J].Nature Microbiology, 2016, 1(10):16125.
[17] GU Z G.Complex heatmap visualization[J].iMeta, 2022, 1(3):e43.
[18] ROMBEAU J L, KRIPKE S A, SETTLE R G.Short-chain fatty acids[M]//Dietary Fiber.Boston, MA:Springer US, 1990:317-337.
[19] MARTIN-GALLAUSIAUX C, MARINELLI L, BLOTTIÈRE H M, et al.SCFA:Mechanisms and functional importance in the gut[J].The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2021, 80(1):37-49.
[20] CHIDAMBARAM S B, ESSA M M, RATHIPRIYA A G, et al.Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases:Tales of a vicious cycle[J].Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2022, 231:107988.
[21] HENDRIK B, ANDRÁS B, MINA Y, et al.Short-chain fatty acid propionate protects from hypertensive cardiovascular damage[J].Circulation, 2019, 139(11):1407-1421.
[22] TAKEUCHI T, MIYAUCHI E, KANAYA T, et al.Acetate differentially regulates IgA reactivity to commensal bacteria[J].Nature, 2021, 595(7868):560-564.
[23] AGANS R, GORDON A, KRAMER D L, et al.Dietary fatty acids sustain the growth of the human gut microbiota[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2018, 84(21):e01525-e01518.
[24] SHIN N R, WHON T W, BAE J W.Proteobacteria:Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota[J].Trends in Biotechnology, 2015, 33(9):496-503.
[25] HEREU M, RAMOS-ROMERO S, BUSQUETS C, et al.Effects of combined D-fagomine and omega-3 PUFAs on gut microbiota subpopulations and diabetes risk factors in rats fed a high-fat diet[J].Scientific Reports, 2019, 9:16628.
[26] YACHIDA S, MIZUTANI S, SHIROMA H, et al.Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal distinct stage-specific phenotypes of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer[J].Nature Medicine, 2019, 25(6):968-976.
