[1] CHASTIN S, ABARAOGU U, BOURGOIS J, et al. Physical activity, immune function and risk of community acquired infectious disease in the general population: Systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2020:1673-1686.
[2] SIMPSON R J, CAMPBELL J P, GLEESON M, et al. Can exercise affect immune function to increase susceptibility to infection?[J]. Exercise Immunology Review, 2020, 26:8-22.
[3] WALSH N P. Recommendations to maintain immune health in athletes[J]. European Journal of Sport Science, 2018, 18(6):820-831.
[4] TIERNAN C, LYONS M, COMYNS T, et al. Salivary IgA as a predictor of upper respiratory tract infections and relationship to training load in elite rugby union players[J]. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2020, 34(3):782-790.
[5] GLEESON M, BISHOP N, OLIVEIRA M, et al. Respiratory infection risk in athletes: Association with antigen-stimulated IL-10 production and salivary IgA secretion[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2012, 22(3):410-417.
[6] WALSH N P. Nutrition and athlete immune health: New perspectives on an old paradigm[J]. Sports Medicine, 2019, 49(2):153-168.
[7] COLLINS J, MAUGHAN R J, GLEESON M, et al. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2021, 55(8):416.
[8] LOSNO E A, SIEFERLE K, PEREZ-CUETO F J A, et al. Vegan diet and the gut microbiota composition in healthy adults[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(7):2402.
[9] SUZUKI K. Recent progress in applicability of exercise immunology and inflammation research to sports nutrition[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(12):4299.
[10] GLEESON M. Can nutrition limit exercise-induced immunodepression?[J]. Nutrition Reviews, 2006, 64(3):119-131.
[11] MARCO M L, SANDERS M E, GÄNZLE M, et al. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on fermented foods[J]. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2021, 18(3):196-208.
[12] SUEZ J, ZMORA N, SEGAL E, et al. The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics[J]. Nature Medicine, 2019, 25(5):716-729.
[13] ÓŁKIEWICZ J, MARZEC A, RUSZCZYŃSKI M, et al. Postbiotics-a step beyond pre- and probiotics[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(8):2189.
[14] GUO X Y, LAN Z X, WEN Y L, et al. Synbiotics supplements lower the risk of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children, potentially by providing resistance to gut microbiota dysbiosis[J]. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2021, 11:729756.
[15] SERGEEV I N, ALJUTAILY T, WALTON G, et al. Effects of synbiotic supplement on human gut microbiota, body composition and weight loss in obesity[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(1):222.
[16] QUERO C D, MANONELLES P, FERNÁNDEZ M, et al. Differential health effects on inflammatory, immunological and stress parameters in professional soccer players and sedentary individuals after consuming a synbiotic. A triple-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(4):1321.
[17] SHARIF K, WATAD A, BRAGAZZI N L, et al. Physical activity and autoimmune diseases: Get moving and manage the disease[J]. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2018, 17(1):53-72.
[18] SHAW D M, MERIEN F, BRAAKHUIS A, et al. T-cells and their cytokine production: The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects of strenuous exercise[J]. Cytokine, 2018, 104:136-142.
[19] BISHOP E L, GUDGEON N, DIMELOE S. Control of T cell metabolism by cytokines and hormones[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2021, 12:653605.
[20] ZHAO G G, ZHOU S, DAVIE A, et al. Effects of moderate and high intensity exercise on T1/T2 balance[J]. Exercise Immunology Review, 2012, 18:98-114.
[21] MARTÍNEZ-CAMPOS C, TORRES-POVEDA K, CAMORLINGA-PONCE M, et al. Polymorphisms in IL-10 and TGF-β gene promoter are associated with lower risk to gastric cancer in a Mexican population[J]. BMC Cancer, 2019, 19(1):453.
[22] GLEESON M, BISHOP N, OLIVEIRA M, et al. Influence of training load on upper respiratory tract infection incidence and antigen-stimulated cytokine production[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2013, 23(4):451-457.
[23] HANDZLIK M K, SHAW A J, DUNGEY M, et al. The influence of exercise training status on antigen-stimulated IL-10 production in whole blood culture and numbers of circulating regulatory T cells[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2013, 113(7):1839-1848.
[24] GLEESON M, BISHOP N C, STENSEL D J, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: Mechanisms and implications for the prevention and treatment of disease[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2011, 11(9):607-615.
[25] WEITNAUER M, MIJOEK V, DALPKE A H. Control of local immunity by airway epithelial cells[J]. Mucosal Immunology, 2016, 9(2):287-298.
[26] NIEMAN D C, HENSON D A, AUSTIN M D, et al. Upper respiratory tract infection is reduced in physically fit and active adults[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2011, 45(12):987-992.
[27] TAVARES-SILVA E, CARIS A V, SANTOS S A, et al. Effect of multi-strain probiotic supplementation on URTI symptoms and cytokine production by monocytes after a marathon race: A randomized, double-blind, placebo study[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(5):1478.
[28] KOMANO Y, SHIMADA K, NAITO H, et al. Efficacy of heat-killed Lactococcus lactis JCM 5805 on immunity and fatigue during consecutive high intensity exercise in male athletes: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial[J]. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2018, 15(1):39.
[29] GRIM C, HOTFIEL T, ENGELHARDT M, et al. Verletzungen und erkrankungen der deutschen mannschaft Bei den olympischen sommerspielen 2016 inRio de Janeiro[J]. Sportverletzung·Sportschaden, 2017, 31(1):25-30.
[30] MOUNTJOY M, JUNGE A, ALONSO J M, et al. Sports injuries and illnesses in the 2009 FINA World Championships (Aquatics)[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2010, 44(7):522-527.
[31] GLEESON M, PYNE D B. Respiratory inflammation and infections in high-performance athletes[J]. Immunology & Cell Biology, 2016, 94(2):124-131.
[32] MAILING L J, ALLEN J M, BUFORD T W, et al. Exercise and the gut microbiome: A review of the evidence, potential mechanisms, and implications for human health[J]. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2019, 47(2):75-85.
[33] WALTER E, GIBSON O R, STACEY M, et al. Changes in gastrointestinal cell integrity after marathon running and exercise-associated collapse[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2021, 121(4):1179-1187.
[34] PFEIFFER B, STELLINGWERFF T, HODGSON A B, et al. Nutritional intake and gastrointestinal problems during competitive endurance events[J]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2012, 44(2):344-351.
[35] JEUKENDRUP A E, VET-JOOP K, STURK A, et al. Relationship between gastro-intestinal complaints and endotoxaemia, cytokine release and the acute-phase reaction during and after a long-distance triathlon in highly trained men[J]. Clinical Science, 2000, 98(1):47.
[36] PARNELL J A, WAGNER-JONES K, MADDEN R F, et al. Dietary restrictions in endurance runners to mitigate exercise-induced gastrointestinal symptoms[J]. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2020, 17(1):32.
[37] VAN WIJCK K, LENAERTS K, VAN BIJNEN A A, et al. Aggravation of exercise-induced intestinal injury by Ibuprofen in athletes[J]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2012, 44(12):2257-2262.
[38] COSTA R J S, SNIPE R, CAMÕES-COSTA V, et al. The impact of gastrointestinal symptoms and dermatological injuries on nutritional intake and hydration status during ultramarathon events[J]. Sports Medicine-Open, 2016, 2:16.
[39] SZYMANSKI M C, GILLUM T L, GOULD L M, et al. Short-term dietary curcumin supplementation reduces gastrointestinal barrier damage and physiological strain responses during exertional heat stress[J]. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2018, 124(2):330-340.
[40] LALITSURADEJ E, SIRILUN S, SITTIPRAPAPORN P, et al. The effects of synbiotics administration on stress-related parameters in Thai subjects-a preliminary study[J]. Foods, 2022, 11(5):759.
[41] CHILDS C E, RÖYTIÖ H, ALHONIEMI E, et al. Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2014, 111(11):1945-1956.
[42] LÉPINE A, DE VOS P. Synbiotic effects of the dietary fiber long-chain inulin and probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus W37 can be caused by direct, synergistic stimulation of immune toll-like receptors and dendritic cells[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2018, 62(15): e1800251.
[43] QUERO-CALERO C D, ABELLÁN-AYNÉS O, MANONELLES P, et al. The consumption of a synbiotic does not affect the immune, inflammatory, and sympathovagal parameters in athletes and sedentary individuals: A triple-blinded, randomized, place-bo-controlled pilot study[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, 19(6):3421.
[44] CHEN Y P, CHENG Y F, WEN C, et al. Effects of dietary synbiotic supplementation as an alternative to antibiotic on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, immunity, and oxidative status of cherry valley ducks[J]. The Journal of Poultry Science, 2018, 55(3):182-189.
[45] COSTABILE A, BERGILLOS-MECA T, RASINKANGAS P, et al. Effects of soluble corn fiber alone or in synbiotic combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and the Pilus-deficient derivative GG-PB12 on fecal microbiota, metabolism, and markers of immune function: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy elderly (saimes study)[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2017, 8:1443.
[46] COMAN M, VERDENELLI M, SILVI S, et al. Knowledge and acceptance of functional foods: A preliminary study on influence of a synbiotic fermented milk on athlete health[J]. International Journal of Probiotics and Prebiotics, 2017, 12: 33-34.
[47] PREGLIASCO F, ANSELMI G, FONTE L, et al. A new chance of preventing winter diseases by the administration of synbiotic formulations[J]. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2008, 42(Suppl 3 Pt 2): S224-S233.
[48] CAZZOLA M, PHAM-THI N, KERIHUEL J C, et al. Efficacy of a synbiotic supplementation in the prevention of common winter diseases in children: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study[J]. Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, 2010, 4(5):271-278.
[49] PANIGRAHI P, PARIDA S, NANDA N C, et al. A randomized synbiotic trial to prevent sepsis among infants in rural India[J]. Nature, 2017, 548(7668):407-412.
[50] KUKKONEN K, SAVILAHTI E, HAAHTELA T, et al. Long-term safety and impact on infection rates of postnatal probiotic and prebiotic (synbiotic) treatment: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Pediatrics, 2008, 122(1):8-12.
[51] PICAUD J C, CHAPALAIN V, PAINEAU D, et al. Incidence of infectious diseases in infants fed follow-on formula containing synbiotics: An observational study[J]. Acta Paediatrica, 2010, 99(11):1695-1700.
[52] GLEESON M. Mucosal immune responses and risk of respiratory illness in elite athletes[J]. Exercise Immunology Review, 2000, 6:5-42.
[53] CHEN K, MAGRI G, GRASSET E K, et al. Rethinking mucosal antibody responses: IgM, IgG and IgD join IgA[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2020, 20(7):427-441.
[54] PEÑAILILLO L, MAYA L, NIÑO G, et al. Salivary hormones and IgA in relation to physical performance in football[J]. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2015, 33(20):2080-2087.
[55] SHEPHARD R J. Upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in ultramarathon runners not related to immunoglobulin status[J]. Yearbook of Sports Medicine, 2010, 2010:258-260.
[56] HE C S, TSAI M L, KO M H, et al. Relationships among salivary immunoglobulin A, lactoferrin and cortisol in basketball players during a basketball season[J]. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2010, 110(5):989-995.
[57] RICO-GONZÁLEZ M, CLEMENTE F M, OLIVEIRA R, et al. Part I: Relationship among training load management, salivary immunoglobulin A, and upper respiratory tract infection in team sport: A systematic review[J]. Healthcare, 2021, 9(4):366.
[58] DE GIANI A, SANDIONIGI A, ZAMPOLLI J, et al. Effects of inulin-based prebiotics alone or in combination with probiotics on human gut microbiota and markers of immune system: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects[J]. Microorganisms, 2022, 10(6):1256.
[59] ROBERTS J D, SUCKLING C A, PEEDLE G Y, et al. An exploratory investigation of endotoxin levels in novice long distance triathletes, and the effects of a multi-strain probiotic/prebiotic, antioxidant intervention[J]. Nutrients, 2016, 8(11):733.
[60] PUCCIO G, CAJOZZO C, MELI F, et al. Clinical evaluation of a new starter formula for infants containing live Bifidobacterium longum BL999 and prebiotics[J]. Nutrition, 2007, 23(1):1-8.
[61] REDDY B S, MACFIE J, GATT M, et al. Randomized clinical trial of effect of synbiotics, neomycin and mechanical bowel preparation on intestinal barrier function in patients undergoing colectomy[J]. The British Journal of Surgery, 2007, 94(5):546-554.
[62] TAKAHASHI R, NOGUCHI T, MIZOGUCHI Y, et al. A synbiotic with tumor necrosis factor-α Inhibitory activity ameliorates experimental jejunoileal mucosal injury[J]. BioMed Research International, 2018, 2018:1-12.
[63] LIAO L Y, LI J, LI J, et al. Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on intestinal morphology and intestinal immune cells of Muscovy ducklings infected with Muscovy duck reovirus[J]. Poultry Science, 2021, 100(1):64-72.
[64] KAZUN B, MALACZEWSKA J, KAZUN K, et al. Dietary administration of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan and Lactobacillus plantarum improves innate immune response and increases the number of intestine immune cells in roach (Rutilus rutilus)[J]. BMC Veterinary Research, 2020, 16(1): 216.
[65] LEVKUT M, KARAFFOVÁ V, LEVKUTOVÁ M, et al. Influence of Lacto-Immuno-Vital on growth performance and gene expression of IgA, MUC-2, and growth factor IGF-2 in the jejunum of broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2020, 99(12):6569-6575.
[66] FRECE J, KOS B, SVETEC I K, et al. Synbiotic effect of Lactobacillus helveticus M92 and prebiotics on the intestinal microflora and immune system of mice[J]. Journal of Dairy Research, 2009, 76(1):98-104.
[67] KABAT A M, SRINIVASAN N, MALOY K J. Modulation of immune development and function by intestinal microbiota[J]. Trends in Immunology, 2014, 35(11):507-517.
[68] PATEL B K, PATEL K H, BHATIA M, et al. Gut microbiome in acute pancreatitis: A review based on current literature[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021, 27(30):5019-5036.
[69] SHIMIZU K, OJIMA M, OGURA H. Gut microbiota and probiotics/synbiotics for modulation of immunity in critically ill patients[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(7):2439.
[70] VAN ZANTEN G C, KNUDSEN A, RÖYTIÖ H, et al. The effect of selected synbiotics on microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid production in a model system of the human colon[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(10): e47212.
[71] WEST N P, PYNE D B, CRIPPS A W, et al. Gut Balance, a synbiotic supplement, increases fecal Lactobacillus paracasei but has little effect on immunity in healthy physically active individuals[J]. Gut Microbes, 2012, 3(3):221-227.
[72] DALILE B, VAN OUDENHOVE L, VERVLIET B, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication[J]. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2019, 16(8):461-478.
[73] PARADA VENEGAS D, DE LA FUENTE M K, LANDSKRON G, et al. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2019, 10:277.
[74] ZHAO J B, HU J H, MA X. Sodium caprylate improves intestinal mucosal barrier function and antioxidant capacity by altering gut microbial metabolism[J]. Food & Function, 2021, 12(20):9750-9762.
[75] PATRICIA R I, MALÉN M C, RODRÍGUEZ LAGUNAS MARIA J, et al. A cocoa diet can partially attenuate the alterations in microbiota and mucosal immunity induced by a single session of intensive exercise in rats[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9:861533.
[76] ZUHL M, SCHNEIDER S, LANPHERE K, et al. Exercise regulation of intestinal tight junction proteins[J]. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2014, 48(12):980-986.
[77] OH N S, LEE J Y, KIM Y T, et al. Cancer-protective effect of a synbiotic combination between Lactobacillus gasseri 505 and a Cudrania tricuspidata leaf extract on colitis-associated colorectal cancer[J]. Gut Microbes, 2020, 12(1):1785803.