Caenorhabditis elegans, a model organism highly homologous to the human genome, was used to explore the effects of different concentrations of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) on the organism and its possible mechanisms. The experimental groups included the control and experimental group (5-HMF concentrations were 0.010, 0.100, and 1.000 mg/mL, respectively). The lifespan, egg production, and basal locomotor indexes of nematodes were observed by microscope; the lifespan signaling pathways, including insulin/insulin-like growth factor-related gene expression were analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the quantitative-effect relationships associated with lifespan were fitted. 5-HMF in the high (1.000 mg/mL) and medium (0.100 mg/mL) concentration groups significantly decreased the number of eggs laid, pharyngeal pump frequency, head swings, and body bends of nematodes, and significantly shortened the life cycle of nematodes by upregulating the expression of gene Daf-2 and downregulating the expression of genes Daf-16, Sod-3, and Sir-2.1, while the low (0.010 mg/mL) concentration group of 5-HMF was completely opposite. From the dose-effect relationship curve, it can be seen that the concentration of 0.035 mg/mL was the critical concentration value for 5-HMF to affect the average maximum lifespan of nematodes, and the concentration of 0.056 mg/mL was the critical concentration value for 5-HMF to affect the maximum lifespan of nematodes. The critical concentrations of 5-HMF acting on genes Daf-2, Daf-16, Sod-3, and Sir-2.1 were 0.067, 0.067, 0.075, and 0.052 mg/mL, respectively. The positive and negative effects of 5-HMF on C. elegans were closely related to the concentration and duration of action, and a dose-effect relationship existed. These results provide a preliminary reference for further research on the effects of 5-HMF on the organism and provide a theoretical basis for the toxicological analysis and safe application of 5-HMF.
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