This study aimed to investigate the differences in immune, antioxidant indicators, plasma metabolites, and related metabolic pathways after the gavage of koumiss in mice.Sixteen SPF-grade ICR mice aged 4 weeks were selected.After 7 days of adaptation feeding, they were randomly divided into 2 groups (control group, koumiss group) with 8 mice in each group.The mice in the koumiss group were gavaged with koumiss at a dose of 10 mL/kg body weight per day, while the control group mice were gavaged with physiological saline at the same dose.During the experimental period, all mice had free access to food and water, and the gavage lasted for 28 days.On the 29th day, the mice were euthanized, and liver and blood samples were collected for immune indicators, antioxidant indicators, and non-targeted metabolomics analysis.Results showed that compared with the control group, in the koumiss group, malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly reduced (P<0.01), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was significantly increased (P<0.01), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was significantly reduced (P<0.05) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) was significantly increased (P< 0.05).A total of 152 differential metabolites were identified, with 17 metabolites significantly up-regulated in the koumiss group mice’s plasma, including bilirubin, piperazine acid, and fecal bilirubin, and 135 metabolites significantly down-regulated, including L-glutamic acid, acetylcholine, and niacinamide.The enriched metabolic pathways of differential metabolites included porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, lysine degradation, and glutathione metabolism.In conclusion, gavaging koumiss enhances the immune and antioxidant capacities of mice, and there are differences in plasma metabolites compared to the control group, providing more data for the development of mare milk as a functional food.
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