[1] Jakobek L, Blesso C. Beneficial effects of phenolic compounds: Native phenolic compounds vs metabolites and catabolites[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2024, 64(25):9113-9131.
[2] Liu Y C, Deng J J, Zhao T, et al. Bioavailability and mechanisms of dietary polyphenols affected by non-thermal processing technology in fruits and vegetables[J]. Current Research in Food Science, 2024, 8:100715.
[3] Torres-Fuentes C, Schellekens H, Cryan J F, et al. Interplay between (poly)phenols, gut microbiota, and biological rhythms: Outlook for a new paradigm in brain health[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2026, 66(10):1937-1952.
[4] Espín J C, Jarrín-Orozco M P, Osuna-Galisteo L, et al. Perspective on the coevolutionary role of host and gut microbiota in polyphenol health effects: Metabotypes and precision health[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2024, 68(22): e2400526.
[5] Jia Y Q, Liu Y N, Wu Y Y, et al. The regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism through the interaction of dietary polyphenols and polysaccharides via the gut microbiota pathway[J]. Food & Function, 2024, 15(16):8200-8216.
[6] Nazzaro F, Coppola F, Fratianni F, et al. Polyphenols bioactive metabolites, and their anti-biofilm and neuroprotective potential[J]. Foods, 2025, 14(22):3976.
[7] Chen J, Deng Y, Long S Y, et al. Metabolic flux and catabolic kinetics of prebiotic-like dietary polyphenol phlorizin in association with gut microbiota in vitro[J]. Food Chemistry, 2024, 440:138240.
[8] Sun S Q, Liu Z Y, Lin M X, et al. Polyphenols in health and food processing: Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant insights[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2024, 11:1456730.
[9] Wu J X, Shen S H, Cheng H, et al. RG-I pectic polysaccharides and hesperidin synergistically modulate gut microbiota: An in vitro study targeting the proportional relationship[J]. Food Chemistry, 2025, 462:141010.
[10] Liu S Y, Loo Y T, Li Z Z, et al. Alginate-inulin-chitosan based microspheres alter metabolic fate of encapsulated quercetin, promote short chain fatty acid production, and modulate pig gut microbiota[J]. Food Chemistry, 2023, 418:135802.
[11] Vollmer M, Esders S, Farquharson F M, et al. Mutual interaction of phenolic compounds and microbiota: Metabolism of complex phenolic apigenin-C- and kaempferol-O-derivatives by human fecal samples[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018, 66(2)485-497
[12] Wang B L, Tang X, Mao B Y, et al. Effects of in vitro fecal fermentation on the metabolism and antioxidant properties of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside[J]. Food Chemistry, 2024, 431:137132.
[13] Luo F D, Chen J, Liang S J, et al. In vivo investigation on the effect of gut microbiota on the distribution and biotransformation of curcumin[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2025, 73(41):26206-26219.
[14] Zhang S X, Hu F F, Chen H, et al. Gut bacteria and the host synergies promote resveratrol metabolism and induce tolerance in ALD mice[J]. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 2025, 11:132.
[15] Keranmu A, Pan L B, Fu J, et al. Biotransformation of liquiritigenin into characteristic metabolites by the gut microbiota[J]. Molecules, 2022, 27(10):3057.
[16] Sun W L, Yang J W, Dou H Y, et al. Anti-inflammatory effect of luteolin is related to the changes in the gut microbiota and contributes to preventing the progression from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[J]. Bioorganic Chemistry, 2021, 112:104966.
[17] Wang Z C, Yu Y Y, Shao W J, et al. Puerarin ameliorates alcoholic liver disease by regulating intestinal flora and MAPK/Nrf2 signalling pathways[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2026, 309:119699.
[18] Chen P, Sun J W, Liang Z Q, et al. The bioavailability of soy isoflavones in vitro and their effects on gut microbiota in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem[J]. Food Research International, 2022, 152:110868.
[19] Yang F, Chen C, Ni D R, et al. Effects of fermentation on bioactivity and the composition of polyphenols contained in polyphenol-rich foods: A review[J]. Foods, 2023, 12(17):3315.
[20] Chen L, Cao H, Huang Q, et al. Absorption, metabolism and bioavailability of flavonoids: A review[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2022, 62(28):7730-7742.
[21] Taborda A, Frazão T, Rodrigues M V, et al. Mechanistic insights into glycoside 3-oxidases involved in C-glycoside metabolism in soil microorganisms[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14:7289.
[22] Zahn L E, Gannon P M, Rajakovich L J. Iron-sulfur cluster-dependent enzymes and molybdenum-dependent reductases in the anaerobic metabolism of human gut microbes[J]. Metallomics, 2024, 16(11): mfae049.
[23] Marín L, Miguélez E M, Villar C J, et al. Bioavailability of dietary polyphenols and gut microbiota metabolism: Antimicrobial properties[J]. BioMed Research International, 2015, 2015:905215.
[24] Dong X Y, Bae M, Le C, et al. Enantiocomplementary gut bacterial enzymes metabolize dietary polyphenols[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2025, 147(9)7231-7244
[25] Senizza A, Rocchetti G, Mosele J I, et al. Lignans and gut microbiota: An interplay revealing potential health implications[J]. Molecules, 2020, 25(23):5709.
[26] Stevens J F, Maier C S. The chemistry of gut microbial metabolism of polyphenols[J]. Phytochemistry Reviews, 2016, 15(3):425-444.
[27] Iglesias-Aguirre C E, García-Villalba R, Beltrán D, et al. Gut bacteria involved in ellagic acid metabolism to yield human urolithin metabotypes revealed[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2023, 71(9)4029-4035
[28] Zhang Y H, Zhang B W, Liu X X, et al. Gastrointestinal distribution and in vitro-microbial biotransformation of chlorogenic acid[J]. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2025, 14(7):9250312.
[29] Lu S Y, Cheng D Y, Yao H, et al. Cascade microbial metabolism of ferulic acid in vitro fermented by the human fecal inoculum[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2024, 72(17)9807-9817
[30] Ding X D, Wang J, Zhu W Y. The hydrogenation metabolism process of rosmarinic acid by microbial enzymes in chickens[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2025, 105(13):7340-7349.
[31] Mao S F, Ren Y M, Chen S G, et al. Healthy benefits of proanthocyanidins metabolites and its interactions with microbiota[J]. Food Reviews International, 2025, 41(6):1631-1652.
[32] Liu L Y, Zhao F, Han D D, et al. Liquiritigenin ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by improving intestinal barrier function, reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and modulating gut microbiota[J]. Journal of Functional Foods, 2024, 122:106541.
[33] Roopchand D E, Carmody R N, Kuhn P, et al. Dietary polyphenols promote growth of the gut bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and attenuate high-fat diet-induced metabolic syndrome[J]. Diabetes, 2015, 64(8):2847-2858.
[34] Malek S, Moslemi M. Application of natural preservatives in functional foods[J]. Food Materials Research, 2025, 5: e019.
[35] Nain Z, Mansur F J, Syed S B, et al. Inhibition of biofilm formation, quorum sensing and other virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by polyphenols of Gynura procumbens leaves[J]. Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, 2022, 40(12):5357-5371.
[36] Scarano A, Laddomada B, Blando F, et al. The chelating ability of plant polyphenols can affect iron homeostasis and gut microbiota[J]. Antioxidants, 2023, 12(3):630.
[37] Beam A, Clinger E, Hao L. Effect of diet and dietary components on the composition of the gut microbiota[J]. Nutrients, 2021, 13(8):2795.
[38] Gasaly N, Hermoso M A, Gotteland M. Butyrate and the fine-tuning of colonic homeostasis: Implication for inflammatory bowel diseases[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2021, 22(6):3061.
[39] Zafari R, Goudarzi N, Kamroo A, et al. The effects of polyphenols on gut microbial metabolites and composition in neurodegenerative diseases: A systematic review[J]. Nutrition & Metabolism, 2025, 22(1):142.
[40] Fu J J, Zhao Z H, Zhou D, et al. Therapeutic potential of polyphenols in targeting Th17/Treg balance for intestinal barrier maintenance[J]. Food Science & Nutrition, 2025, 13(6): e70400.
[41] Zhang Q Q, Deng S X, Sun Y Y, et al. Chlorogenic acid improves DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating the gut microbiota[J]. Food & Function, 2026, 17(3):1645-1659.
[42] Zhuge A X, Li S J, Han S Y, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila-derived acetate activates the hepatic AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α axis to alleviate ferroptosis in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2025, 15(1):151-167.
[43] Tveter K M, Mezhibovsky E, Wu Y, et al. Bile acid metabolism and signaling: Emerging pharmacological targets of dietary polyphenols[J]. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2023, 248:108457.
[44] Zhang Q, Zhang W, Yuan X Y, et al. Urolithin a in central nervous system disorders: Therapeutic applications and challenges[J]. Biomedicines, 2025, 13(7):1553.
[45] Hu B, Chen Y L, Gong X R, et al. Mechanism of tea polyphenols improving sleep by regulating neurotransmitters through the gut microbiota-brain axis[J]. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2026, 151:110272.
[46] Longo S, Rizza S, Federici M. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Relationships among the vagus nerve, gut microbiota, obesity, and diabetes[J]. Acta Diabetologica, 2023, 60(8):1007-1017.
[47] Haarhuis J E, Gamal El-Din M I, Lamprinaki D, et al. Punicalagin is the key pomegranate polyphenol inhibiting gut microbial trimethylamine (TMA) production from L-carnitine in an in vitro human colon model[J]. Food & Function, 2026, 17(4):1827-1840.
[48] Situmorang P C, Wibowo S, Tanjung M, et al. Molecular mechanism of phytochemical compounds in mitigating hypertension[J]. Phytomedicine Plus, 2025, 5(3):100812.
