人参为我国传统的食药同源资源,但由于潜在的催吐等副作用,在人参炮制过程中需要做去芦处理,导致大量的人参芦头被丢弃,造成了严重的资源浪费,如何减少浪费、提高人参的综合应用需要进行相应研究。该研究建立了基于超高液相色谱法的人参皂苷检测方法,通过对13种人参皂苷单体进行测试,验证了该检测方法的准确性与可靠性。采用生物转化的方法,从6株候选菌株中筛选出转化人参皂苷Rd产量最高的菌株Bacillus subtilis LM 4-2,推测人参皂苷Rd经由Rc水解途径转化而来,进一步通过单因素试验与响应面试验设计,确定了菌株LM 4-2的最佳发酵条件为发酵时间20 d,温度30 ℃,料液比1∶4.3(g∶mL),接种量7.5%,该优化条件下Rd产量为(6.375±0.006) mg/g。同时,研究还对人参芦头发酵提取物的抗氧化性和抑菌效果进行了测定,抗氧化性试验发现DPPH自由基的清除率随着提取物浓度的增加而增加,提取物质量浓度为50 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基的清除率为82.55%;抑菌试验结果表明,在提取物质量浓度达到1.0 mg/mL时,对测试菌株金黄色葡萄球菌,枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌均能产生抑制作用,发酵液对3种测试菌株的最低抑制浓度分别为1.0、0.75 和1.0 mg/mL。这些研究为通过菌株LM 4-2发酵人参芦头转化人参皂苷Rd、提高人参芦头的应用价值提供了参考。
Ginseng is a traditional food-medicine homologous resource in China, yet its potential side effects, such as inducing vomiting, necessitate the removal of rhizome during processing.This leads to the significant waste of ginseng saponin-rich parts, highlighting the need for research aimed at reducing waste and enhancing the comprehensive utilization of ginseng.This study established a ginseng saponin detection method system based on ultra high performance liquid chromatography, validating the accuracy and reliability of the method through testing 13 ginseng saponin monomers.Utilizing biotransformation, the strain Bacillus subtilis LM 4-2 was identified from six candidate strains as producing the highest yield of ginsenoside Rd, presumed to be transformed from Rc via a hydrolysis pathway.Further experimentation, through single-factor and response surface methodology design, determined the optimal fermentation conditions for strain LM 4-2, i.e.fermentation time of 20 days, temperature of 30 ℃, solid to liquid ratio of 1∶4.3(g∶mL), and inoculum size of 7.5%, under which the yield of Rd reached (6.375±0.006) mg/g.Additionally, this research assessed the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of fermented ginseng saponin-rich parts extracts.Antioxidant tests revealed that the DPPH radical scavenging rate increased with the extract concentration, reaching 82.55% at 50 mg/mL.Antibacterial assays demonstrated that the extract inhibited the growth of tested strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 1.0, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively.These findings provide a reference for the biotransformation of ginseng saponin-rich parts into ginsenoside Rd via fermentation with strain LM 4-2, thereby enhancing the application value of these parts.
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