20 August 2025, Volume 51 Issue 15
    

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  • XU Benhong, JIANG Yiwen, LUO Jingshi, YANG Xiangpeng, LI Guang, YUAN Shan, LIU Yuhuan, CAO Lichuang
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040962
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    DNA shuffling is a wildly used strategy of directed evolution.It can quickly test the effects of multiple mutations, however, the actual beneficial mutations among them and their structural basis are often unclear.β-Glucosidase is the rate-limiting enzyme for efficient degradation of cellulose, and good thermostability is a key factor affecting its practical catalytic efficiency.In this work, the beneficial mutations of a thermostable β-glucosidase mutant Bgl3-6511 (containing 60 single mutations and has a T50 value 4.6 ℃ higher than wild-type) were identified through sequence alignment, site-directed mutagenesis, and thermostability assay.Results showed that six single point mutations, Y50F, R56K, V65I, T67A, and P143A, increased the T50 of the enzyme by 2.9, 4.2, 1.5, 2.8, 3.2, and 1.2 ℃, respectively.At the same time, 5 single mutations decreased T50 by 1.0-3.4 ℃ were identified.A combination of beneficial mutations gave rise to mutant M6 (Y50F/R52H/R56K/V65I/T67A/P143A) with a T50 increase of 13.4 ℃, indicating that the harmful mutations in 6511 indeed hampered the thermostability optimization.Structural analysis and molecular dynamic simulations showed that the beneficial mutations mainly increased/enhanced hydrogen bonds and Π-Π interactions, and made the local loops more rigid.In summary, this work identified the beneficial mutations in Bgl3-6511, analyzed their structural basis, and obtained a more thermostable mutant M6.These results may be useful for the protein engineering of other enzymes.
  • JIANG Yuhong, QIU Shiji, HU Die, ZHOU Peipeng, LIAO Qing, LIU Wenzong, HU Xiaoqing
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 9-14. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042593
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    (-)-α-bisabolol (BO) is widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries due to the anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and skin health improving effects.So, the microbial synthesis of BO has important prospects.At present, BO synthesis has been reported in Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Yarrowia lipolytica, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.These metabolic engineering modification strategies include strengthening the mevalonate pathway and β-oxidation pathway, increasing acetyl CoA pool, weakening competitive pathways and so on.Based on this, Pichia pastoris was employed for the first time to produce BO by through gene metabolic engineering and evaluated the effect of knocking out Ku70 (DNA repair encoding non homologous end connections) strategy on BO.Firstly, MrBBs (encoding BO synthase) was transformed into GS115 to construct GS115/pPICZ A-MrBBs.Meantime, two phase culture was carried out with the addition of n-dodecane.After 132 h, the BO synthesis reached 3.11 mg/L.Then, GS115ΔKu70 was obtained using pPpT4 plasmid, and GS115ΔKu70/pPICZ A-MrBBs was constructed.After 132 h, the BO was synthesized at 83.22 mg/L, increasing by 15.95 times compared with GS115/pPICZ A-MrBBs, which indicated that the deletion of Ku70 gene can significantly improve BO synthesis.This study shows that P.pastoris has the potential for BO synthesis, and knocking out Ku70 can significantly enhance BO synthesis, which lays a solid foundation for further metabolic engineering modification.
  • XIE Lili, WANG Xiujun, WANG Xueli, XU Zhihu, LIU Xueting
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 15-23. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042443
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    Excessive accumulation of biogenic amines in fermented foods may pose health risks, and microbial degradation is an effective strategy to reduce their accumulation.In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LS1-002-014 was taken as the research object.Through the integration of growth characteristic analysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, and whole-genome sequencing technology systems, the biogenic amine degradation characteristics and molecular mechanisms of this strain were systematically analyzed.The results showed that the degradation efficiency of this strain for spermidine was significantly higher than that of other biogenic amines (P<0.01), and the optimal degradation rate (35.91±2.09)% was achieved at 37 ℃.In the environmental stress experiment, the strain still maintained stable biogenic amine degradation activity in the range of 2.5%-7.5% NaCl mass fraction.However, the addition of nitrite (50-300 mg/L) had little effect on the degradation rate of spermidine, which was stable at (22.26±1.71)%.Whole-genome analysis showed that this strain was composed of a circular chromosome of 4 214 996 bp (with a GC content of 46.12%) and a plasmid of 7 410 bp, and carried key spermine metabolism gene clusters, such as speA (arginine decarboxylase), speB (agmatinase), speG (spermidine N-acetyltransferase), and speE (spermidine synthase).In conclusion, strain LS1-002-014 has high-efficiency spermidine degradation ability and strong environmental adaptability.This study provides a theoretical basis and candidate functional strains for the precise control of biogenic amines in fermented foods.
  • LIAO Caiyu, TANG Ke, CHENG Daomei, ZHAO Changsong, GAO Rui, WANG Duorong, XIAO Yuhan, HAN Yunlei
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 24-31. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040995
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    In recent years, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) system has become a powerful tool for gene editing.The aim of the study was to analyze the structure and function of the CRISPR/Cas system in Lactobacillus gasseri.A total of 142 L.gasseri genomes from the GenBank database were analyzed, and CRISPR loci were identified through CRISPRViz software.Using CRISPROne to predict Cas protein types and tracrRNA locations, while RNAfold to model the secondary structure of CRISPR repeats.Using CRISPRTarget to predict spacer homologues and the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM).The results showed that 31 strains contained CRISPR system with 54 CRISPR loci.The CRISPR repeats ranged from 28 to 38 nucleotides, while spacers ranged from 26 to 38 nucleotides.A total of 29 strains were found to carry cas genes, predominantly of subtype Ⅱ-A (26 strains, 89.66%), and subtype Ⅰ-E genes were detected in 9 strains (31%).Six strains carried cas genes from both subtypes.Additionally, 24 subtype Ⅱ-A strains contained two tracrRNA genes, located upstream of the cas9 gene and in the non-coding region between the cas1 and cas9 genes, respectively.Analysis identified 456 unique CRISPR spacers, with 109 targeting phages and 93 targeting plasmids.The predicted PAM sequence for L.gasseri Cas9 was 5′-AAAA-3′.The findings serve as a reference for developing CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing tools for L.gasseri.
  • SHAN Yi, WANG Min, DONG Shirong, BIAN Chun
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 32-40. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042316
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    The modulatory effects of synbiotic agents composed of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and Bifidobacterium bifidum on intestinal barrier function remain unclear.This study aimed to establish a mouse model of intestinal barrier injury using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and to investigate the synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms of these synbiotic agents in enhancing intestinal barrier function.Mice were randomly assigned to the normal control, model, and GOS + B.bifidum CICC®10395 groups.Key indicators, including intestinal permeability, tight junction protein expression, cytokine levels, mucin expression, and short-chain fatty acid content, were assessed.The regulatory role of short-chain fatty acids in barrier function was further explored at the cellular level.Compared to the model group, mice treated with GOS +B.bifidum CICC®10395 exhibited significant reductions in serum FITC-dextran (45.24%), D-lactic acid (30.66%), and diamine oxidase (DAO, 32.38%) concentrations.ZO-1 and ZO-2 mRNA expression levels were upregulated by 2.19-fold and 2.67-fold, respectively, whereas TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities decreased by 49.07%, 54.18%, 38.36%, and 34.69%.Moreover, MUC2, MUC1, MUC4, and MUC17 mRNA expressions increased by 2.55-fold to 9.10-fold.Furthermore, GOS+ B.bifidum CICC®10395 administration promoted the colonization of Bifidobacterium in the intestines and increased acetic acid production.Cellular experiments demonstrated that acetic acid enhanced the barrier function of Caco-2 monolayers and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages.In conclusion, synbiotic preparations combining GOS and B.bifidum CICC®10395 demonstrated efficacy in enhancing intestinal barrier integrity and reducing permeability, likely mediated through acetic acid-dependent mechanisms.
  • ZHAO Xin, TAN Xiaohong, LIU Xinhong, YI Ruokun, LONG Xingyao
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 41-50. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042337
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    This study investigated the therapeutic potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GXFF202402 (LP-GXFF202402) in alleviating hemorrhoid-associated colorectal damage through gut microbiota modulation in a mouse model.In this study, croton oil was used to establish a mouse experimental model, and cytokine levels in serum and rectal tissues of mice were detected.Pathological observation of colon and rectal tissues of mice was carried out by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining.The relevant expression of microorganisms in tissue and intestinal contents was also detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot.The experimental results showed that LP-GXFF202402 could reduce the anorectal swelling rate of hemorrhoid mice.Improve serum IL-2 level of hemorrhoid mice and decrease serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and corticosterone (CORT).At the same time, it can also reduce the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, protease activated receptor 2 (PAR-2), mast cell tryptase (MCT) and increase the levels of IL-10, Occludin in rectal tissue of hemorrhoid mice.LP-GXFF202402 was also able to reduce the degree of colon and rectal lesions caused by hemorrhoids in mice.Further experimental results also showed that LP-GXFF202402 can up-regulate Occludin and down-regulate PAR-2 mRNA expression in colon tissue of hemorrhoid mice, and down-regulate IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA and protein expression in rectal tissue.The mRNA detection results of intestinal microorganisms showed that LP-GXFF202402 could increase the abundance of Firmicutes, Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus and decrease the intensity of Bacteroidetes in the intestinal tract of hemorrhoid mice.It can be seen that LP-GXFF202402 can effectively intervene in the colorectal damage caused by hemorrhoids, regulate intestinal microbes, and thus relieve hemorrhoids, and the effect is close to the hemorrhoid drug Zhishuning tablet.
  • WANG Ziqi, ZHANG Qiuxiang, ZHAO Jianxin
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 51-58. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041170
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    Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical renal disease, with inflammation identified a key factor contributing to kidney damage.This study established a cisplatin-induced mouse model of AKI and evaluated the effects of live bacteria, fermented supernatant, and a bacterial lysate of Limosilactobacillus reuteri DYNDL56M17 (a strain with anti-inflammatory properties) on alleviating AKI in mice.Evaluation included examining renal histopathological sections and measuring the levels of -serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), antioxidants, and inflammatory cytokines.Compared to the model group, the fermented supernatant and bacterial lysate of L.reuteri DYNDL56M17 significantly reduced creatinine and BUN levels.Specifically, the fermented supernatant reduced creatinine and BUN levels by 27.9% and 16.7%, respectively, whereas the bacterial lysate reduced these levels by 21.1% and 10.1%, respectively.Additionally, the fermented supernatant effectively reduced oxidative damage in the kidneys, lowering the renal malondialdehyde content by 13.49% and decreasing the levels of inflammatory cytokines.These findings suggest that the fermented supernatant and bacterial lysate of L.reuteri DYNDL56M17 may alleviate AKI by upregulating the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR43 expression, thereby inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress.
  • ZHAO Wenxuan, JU Zhigang
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 59-65. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041221
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    To further elucidate the lipid-lowering effect of Rana chensinensis ovum oil, rat model of hyperlipidemia was constructed firstly, with simvastatin as a control to compare the effect on serum lipid level, antioxidant factor level, inflammatory factor level, liver function indicator of test rats in different doses of R. chensinensis ovum oil intragastric administration.Calculated the body weight and major organ index of test rats, and observed the pathological changes of liver tissue.Results showed that during the construction of the hyperlipidemia model, there was a significant increase in rat body weight (P<0.05), while intervention by R. chensinensis ovum oil resulted in a significant decrease (P<0.05).R. chensinensis ovum oil significantly reduced the level of serum insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α,aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde of hyperlipidemic rats (P<0.05), and increased the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase (P<0.05). The liver and kidney index of hyperlipidemic rats increased significantly (P<0.05), and significantly decreased after intervention by R. chensinensis ovum oil (P<0.05).The liver tissue structure of hyperlipidemic rats was severely abnormal, and showed diffuse steatosis.After intervention by R. chensinensis ovum oil, the liver tissue structure gradually returned.The study indicated that R. chensinensis ovum oil has well blood lipid regulation activity on hyperlipidemic rats, which will provide new ideas for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
  • PENG Han, XIE Xinran, CHEN Siwei, LI Sixuan, ZHANG Jiahui, REN Hong
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 66-73. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040851
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    Ginger has the effect of inhibiting lipid absorption, lowering blood pressure and preventing atherosclerosis.Endophytic bacteria with lipase inhibitory activity were isolated and purified from ginger slices.Totally six active endophytic bacteria were qualitatively detected by TLC-bioautography, and five strains belonged to Pseudomonas, one belonged to Acinetobacter by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparison.The p-nitrophenyl palmitate method was used to quantitatively analyze the inhibition rate of the 20 mL ethyl acetate extract of six strains of active bacteria on lipase.The incubation time was 5 min, the enzymatic reaction time was 15 min, and the reactants were added in the order of extraction, p-nitrophenyl palmitate, and enzyme.It was found that the inhibition rate of four strains was above 20%, among which SJ14 and SJ12 had higher inhibition rate, reaching (67.79±1.75)% and (48.28±0.73)%, respectively.The active compounds in the extract were detected by HPLC fingerprint.The aim of this study was to establish a new idea of qualitative and quantitative screening of microbial lipase inhibitors, and to provide scientific basis for obtaining potential production strains of highly effective lipid-lowering active substances and highly effective and low-toxic lipase inhibitors.
  • LU Xiaoxue, WANG Bingli, LAI Wenqiang, FEI Peng
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 74-79. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042651
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    Pectin, a widely used polysaccharide in the food industry, faces limitations in antioxidant and antibacterial properties.This study aimed to address these limitations by preparing curcumin-pectin copolymers (Cu-Pe) using an environmentally friendly laccase-catalyzed grafting method.Curcumin was successfully grafted onto the pectin backbone, achieving a maximum grafting rate of 9.62%.The structure of the copolymer was characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, and XPS, confirming the successful incorporation of curcumin into the pectin molecule.Antioxidant assays showed significant improvements, with DPPH radical scavenging rates increasing from 4.48% to 56.01% and β-carotene bleaching inhibition rates rising from 5.67% to 99.02%.Antibacterial tests demonstrated enhanced inhibition rates against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, increasing from 21.93% and 17.68% to 55.99% and 53.85%, respectively.The research results indicated that the grafting of curcumin significantly enhances the antioxidant, anti-E.coli, and anti-S.aureus properties of pectin, providing a scientific basis for the development of novel natural food preservation materials.This modified pectin-based material was expected to achieve more efficient and greener food preservation solutions, with broad application prospects in the field of active food packaging films, potentially reducing and minimizing the use of preservatives.
  • YANG Jinyi, GENG Longyao, YANG Qiaoyue, HUANG Yunpo, ZHANG Zhen
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 80-87. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040920
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    With the continuous improvement of product quality and safety requirements in the food industry, the use of single preservatives is often limited, and the combined use of preservatives has great application value because of its advantages such as cost reduction and efficiency increase.Phenyl lactic acid, as a natural bacteriostatic substance with high preservative efficiency, is of good significance for its production and application.In this study, phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde were used in combination, with Shewanella putrefaciens as the indicator bacteria.Through the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration and the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of the compound solution, the combined inhibitory effect of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde was demonstrated.The antibacterial mechanism of the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde was observed by laser confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.Based on calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) as a model, the binding situation of the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde with ct-DNA was explored through fluorescence spectrometry.The research results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of phenyl lactic acid for the indicator bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamaldehyde for the indicator bacteria was 0.5 μL/mL.The FICI value of the combined use of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde was 0.75, showing an additive effect.Confocal laser scanning microscopy observation showed that the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane.Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde made the surface of the bacteria sunken and the contents flow out.The bacteria were severely broken, with an adhesion phenomenon, and the cell wall of the bacteria was damaged.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy research showed that the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde destroyed proteins and peptidoglycans on the cell wall and membrane and destroyed the phospholipid bilayer.Fluorescence spectrum analysis showed that the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde could bind to ct-DNA through groove binding.The combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde had the effect of reducing costs and increasing efficiency.At the same time, the mechanism of action showed that the action site of the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde included cell walls and membranes.This study explored the inhibitory effect and mechanism of action of the combination of phenyl lactic acid and cinnamaldehyde at the cellular and molecular levels, providing a certain theoretical basis for the development and application of antiseptic and fresh-keeping agents.
  • GENG Longyao, LI Dandan, YANG Jinyi, LI Yangxinhui, LYU Chenxin, HUANG Yunpo, ZHANG Zhen
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 88-95. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041086
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    Spoilage microorganisms are one of the main factors affecting the shelf life of prefabricated aquatic products.The purpose of this study was to explore the antibacterial activity and synergistic mechanism of ε-polylysine-chitosan (ε-PL-CS) composite preservation solution against Pseudomonas fluorescens PF08.A time inhibition curve was used and combined inhibition index measurement to analyze the synergistic effect of ε-PL-CS composite preservation solution.By measuring indicators such as AKP enzyme and ATPase activity and combining with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared analysis, the synergistic mechanism of ε-PL-CS composite preservation solution on P.fluorescens PF08 was analyzed.Results indicated that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ε-PL on P.fluorescens PF08 was 3 mg/mL and the MIC of CS on P.fluorescens PF08 was 5 mg/mL.The antibacterial index of the combination of ε-PL-CS composite preservation solution (1/4 ε-PLMIC+1/4 CSMIC) was 0.5, indicating a synergistic effect.The ε-PL-CS composite preservative solution inhibited AKP enzyme synthesis, caused leakage of intracellular macromolecules, and led to the formation of pores, fractures, and adhesions in bacterial morphology.Based on the changes in functional groups of molecular components such as lipids presented by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it could be concluded that the ε-PL-CS composite preservative solution could alter the integrity of walls and membranes, achieve synergistic antibacterial effects in vitro, and provide a theoretical basis for the development and research of similar composite preservatives.
  • LUO Lirong, GUO Huixiang, WANG Jun, YAO Weike, ZENG Xiaowei, ZOU Yongfang, RAO Jiaquan, YANG Dailin
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 96-103. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041117
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    Daqu is the most important source of microbial communities, enzymes, and nutrients in the production of Nongxiang Baijiu, with its performance closely linked to the raw materials used in Daqu production.Building on traditional Daqu-making techniques, the study employed high-throughput sequencing, near-infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatography to comprehensively analyze differences in the production outcomes of two types of Daqu, during the normal fermentation period.The analysis considered aspects such as physicochemical properties, microbiology, fermented grains, fermentation temperature, base liquor yield, liquor flavor compounds, and sensory evaluations.Results indicated that soft wheat Daqu exhibits significantly lower acidity than hard wheat Daqu, with a reduction rate of 13.7%, and a higher moisture content, showing an increase of 7.1%.The microbial uniformity of dominant fungi and bacteria in soft wheat Daqu was lower.During the brewing process, the acidity of the mash from soft wheat Daqu was significantly lower than that from hard wheat Daqu, with a reduction rate of 2.3%.The liquor yield from a single pit of soft wheat Daqu was significantly higher than that from hard wheat Daqu, showing an increase of 5.1%.However, there were no significant differences between the two types of Daqu in sensory ratings and the content of various flavor compounds.In conclusion, soft wheat Daqu demonstrated superior performance in fermentation pits compared to hard wheat Daqu.The research provides data support for selecting the type of wheat for Daqu in the production of Nongxiang Baijiu, aiming to further optimize the brewing process.
  • MA Da, WANG Bo, SUO Hao, WANG Jihui, BAI Weibin
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 104-110. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040836
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    Water kefir is a highly esteemed non-dairy fermented beverage, whose quality attributes are intimately linked to the microbial community structure and metabolic products during fermentation.Therefore, elucidating the temporal characteristics of the microbe-metabolite interplay in water kefir is of paramount importance.This study focused on water kefir at various fermentation stages, employing metagenomic sequencing to analyze the community dynamics at the species level and using untargeted metabolomics to determine the metabolic components for correlation analysis.The findings revealed that Liquorilactobacillus vini and Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis were the dominant species during the fermentation process.In the early stages, the hallmark metabolites comprised sugars and their derivatives, while in the later stages, amino acids, organic acids, and their derivatives became predominant.Correlation analysis unveiled that low-abundance species, exemplified by Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, exhibited significant positive correlations with several key metabolites, whereas species represented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed significant negative correlations.The results suggest that low-abundance microorganisms play a pivotal role in the microbe-metabolite network during the fermentation of water kefir.This study furnishes essential data for optimizing water kefir fermentation processes.
  • WU Xunan, WANG Bin, CAO Jianping, HUANG Qiao, ZHENG Chuanbo, ZOU Ying, LIU Yongfei, WU Maozhao
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 111-117. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040673
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    This study aimed to study the differences in physical and chemical properties and flavor substances between natural fermentation and compound fermentation with adding starter culture, and the feasibility of standardization of compound fermentation of red sour soup.Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp-3 and Torulaspora indica G2-11 were used as additional compound fermentation starter culture for red sour soup.The characteristics including pH, total acid, amino acid nitrogen, nitrite, organic acid, and volatile components in the two fermentation modes were analyzed by HPLC and HS-SPME-GC-MS methods, etc.In comparison with natural fermentation, results showed that the two strains had good acid-production capability, and could rapidly reduce the pH (3.16±0.05) and nitrite content[(0.03±0.01) mg/kg], increase the total acid content[(21.80±1.01) g/kg], and significantly increase the content of tartaric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid in the red sour soup.In addition, the aroma compounds increased from 76 kinds in natural fermentation to 97 kinds in compound fermentation with mixed inoculation.Moreover, terpenes, alcohols, and aldehydes were the main aroma compounds, which made the red sour soup present floral, fruity, woody, grassy, and fragrant aroma.The study indicated that L. plantarum and T. indica could improve the flavor and quality of fermented red sour soup, and compound fermentation could be applied for the standardization of red sour soup products.
  • LI Xiao, LIU Muwen, ZHONG Ronglian, YE Tao, ZHOU Xiaojie, YANG Xiaoping, ZHANG Xuejiao
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 118-124. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042132
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    The stability of plant-based yoghurt has long been a critical issue that needs to be addressed.This study found that using Weissella confusa SY628 as a starter culture enabled the production of set-style soybean yogurt with high shear resistance, excellent stability, and no whey separation.Additionally, this study investigated the effects of different soy milk protein concentrations on the stability of soybean yogurt.Results indicated that with the increase of soy milk protein concentration, a significant rise in exopolysaccharide content from (1.92±0.10) g/100 g to (2.48±0.16) g/100 g, marked improvements in all textural properties, and enhanced water-holding capacity from (95.97±0.42)% to (99.64±0.15)%.Compared to soybean yogurt prepared with lower protein concentrations (SY2.5, SY3.0), the high-protein sample (SY3.5) exhibited the superior viscoelastic properties with maximum storage modulus[(546.30±0.10) Pa] and loss modulus[(124.10±0.05) Pa], along with significantly higher viscosity.Its surface hydrophobicity was significantly lower than SY2.5, but showed no significant difference from SY3.0.During the 28-day storage period, all three sample types maintained stable quality.In conclusion, fermenting soybean yogurt with varying soy milk protein concentrations, without adding stabilizers, could form a stable gel system with excellent storage stability.These findings could facilitate the development of “clean-label” plant-based yogurt, meeting diverse consumer demands.
  • WANG Xinyu, LI Qiong, GUAN Yongmei, LIU Minghui, MA Shaolong, LIU Jianbing, YI Yumin, MA Xiaojuan, ZHANG Hua
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 125-135. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040540
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    This study aimed to optimize the fermentation process of blueberries through a multi-dimensional evaluation and to develop a novel blueberry compound fermentation beverage with high value-added potential.Blueberry berries served as the primary raw material, which was mixed with Polygonatum, homogenized, sterilized in a water bath, and subsequently fermented using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P9.The component composition (including anthocyanins and polyphenol content), biomimetic technology (analyzed via the electronic nose and electronic tongue), and sensory evaluations by trained panels were employed as assessment criteria.The optimization of the process was conducted through orthogonal testing based on single-factor experiments.The optimal fermentation conditions were established as follows:a mass ratio of blueberry to Polygonatum at 8∶1, 37 ℃, 32 hours, and an addition of 8% (mass fraction) xylitol for taste correction.Through comprehensive evaluation methods, this study elucidated the fermentation process for blueberry compound beverages.The resultant drink exhibited a sweet-and-sour flavor profile, rich fruity aroma, vibrant color, and elevated levels of beneficial components.This research provides both theoretical foundations and practical feasibility for developing high-value-added deep-processing products from blueberries.
  • CHEN Wanxuan, ZHANG Haoshen, ZHANG Wen, WANG Na, ZHANG Jianshuang
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 136-143. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040986
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    This study investigates the quality differences of fermented Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelia from various strains by utilizing fingerprint analysis, chemometric methods, and multi-component content determination.High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to establish fingerprints for 24 batches of O.sinensis fermented mycelia.Then, the quality of the mycelia was evaluated through similarity assessment, hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA), principal component analysis(PCA), orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and entropy weight method(EWM).Fingerprint similarity across batches, originating from 8 strains, ranged from 0.921 to 0.984.Fifteen common peaks were identified, and five compounds were characterized from fingerprints.Both HCA and PCA can effectively differentiate the O.sinensis mycelia from varying sources, and 5 compounds responsible for quality variation were screened out by OPLS-DA.The contents of adenosine, guanosine, uridine, and cytidine were found to range from 0.802 to 2.701 mg/g, 0.466 to 2.516 mg/g, 0.458 to 1.740 mg/g, and 0.094 to 0.233 mg/g, respectively.Antioxidant activity assays indicated that the samples of LT and HS exhibited superior DPPH free radical and ABTS cationic radical scavenging activities, and reducing power.AHP-Entropy Weight analysis showed that LT, HS and NQ achieved higher overall scores than those of others.The established fingerprint analysis method is reliable and convenient, which provides an effective approach for evaluating the quality of O.sinensis fermented products.
  • TAN Xiandong, CHEN Xingying, WANG Lang, ZOU Jian, CAI Kunyou, CHEN Xiangchu
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 144-151. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040847
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    This research seeks to establish a theoretical framework for the process control of solid-state fermentation, as well as the design and scale-up of fermentation reactors utilizing Panax notoginseng residues with Ganoderma lucidum.The study involved modeling the dynamic variations in G.lucidum biomass, secondary metabolites, and substrate throughout the fermentation process to create a detailed fermentation kinetics model.By employing the differential method, equations were formulated to describe the microbial growth rate, the rate of secondary metabolite synthesis, and the rate of substrate degradation.Findings suggest that the solid-state fermentation of P. notoginseng residues utilizing G.lucidum exhibits a coupling pattern between product formation and microbial growth.Logarithmic models represent most accurately the kinetics of microbial growth and the synthesis of secondary metabolites, whereas a four-parameter logarithmic model can describe the kinetics of substrate degradation.The adjusted correlation coefficients (R2adj) for these models are 0.986 9, 0.995 2, 0.988 5, and 0.995 9, respectively.The maximum biomass yield of G.lucidum during the fermentation process was recorded at 46.76%, accompanied by a specific growth rate constant of 0.413 8/d and a peak growth rate of 4.834%/d.The highest concentrations of triterpenes and polysaccharides obtained from G.lucidum are 0.417 2% and 3.935%, respectively, with specific synthesis rate constants of 0.651 7/d for triterpenes and 0.607 0/d for polysaccharides.The peak synthesis rates for triterpenes and polysaccharides are 0.067 96%/d and 0.597 1%/d, respectively.Additionally, the half-life of total sugar is 9.243 d, with a maximum degradation rate of 3.576%/d.The results offer significant insights for the optimization of fermentation processes and the design and scaling of fermentation reactors.
  • KANG Houzhi, ZHOU Dan, LIU Zhinan, ZENG Jiakai, CHEN Rongbin, JIANG Dongyun
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 152-159. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040868
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    Electrocatalytic anaerobic digestion can enhance the ratio of biochemical reduction of CO2 and obtain more methane, thus becoming one of the key technologies of electric methane production that has attracted much attention.Its process causes alkalinity to accumulate in the digestate, which is detrimental to the continuous and stable operation of electrocatalytic anaerobic digestion and hinders the application of the technology.Removing the alkalinity accumulated in the previous batch within each substrate dosing batch can stabilize the pH value between 6.0 and 8.6, which is suitable for electrocatalytic anaerobic digestion, and enable the system to operate stably.In this study, a comparative study was carried out by dosing different concentrations of acetic acid, which on one hand neutralized the alkalinity in the digestate and on the other hand acted as a substrate for the methanogenic process.Results showed that the electrocatalytic anaerobic digestion reactor was able to operate stably and significantly increase the methane content when 11 667 mg/L acetic acid was used as the substrate, resulting in the highest methane content of 96.88% in the produced gas, the average pool gas production rate was 1.442 m3/(m3·d), and the average methane content in the batch of the produced gas was 80.59%.As verified by the experimental data, the apparent reaction of electrocatalytic anaerobic digestion with acetic acid as the only substrate showed that the substance mass ratios of CH3COOH, CH4, (HCO3- +CO32-), and CO2 were 7∶8∶5∶1.
  • LI Siman, XU Meiqi, LIU Xin, CHEN Xu, ZHU Jie
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 160-165. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040900
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    To prepare waxy tapioca resistant maltodextrin based on a green enzymatic debranching-alcohol precipitation-recrystallization process and to study its structure and digestibility, waxy tapioca starch was used as raw material for the preparation of resistant maltodextrin by enzymatic debranching-alcohol precipitation-recrystallization process.Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to characterize the glycosidic bond changes in the waxy tapioca resistant maltodextrin.Size exclusion chromatography was explored to determine the fine structure of the chain length distribution of the waxy tapioca resistant maltodextrin.X-ray diffractometry was used to characterize the structural properties of the waxy tapioca resistant maltodextrin.Differential scanning calorimetry was used to evaluate the thermal properties of the waxy tapioca resistant maltodextrin.The digestive resistance of the waxy tapioca resistant maltodextrin was measured by in vitro simulated digestion.The waxy tapioca resistant maltodextrin prepared by enzymatic debranching, alcohol precipitation, and recrystallization increase the number of linear short-chain amylose molecules, break the original glycosidic bonds, induce transglycosidic reactions, transform the crystalline structure, and form the resistant α-glycosides and β-glycosides bonds, which significantly improve thermal stability and resistance to digestion (P<0.05).
  • LI Yongfu, CHEN Junwen, ZHOU Ling, HUANG Jinrong, SHI Feng
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 166-173. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041143
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    In recent years, along with in-depth research on the function of collagen peptide, methods for identifying its activity are also highly attractive.Here, to further explore the functions of bovine bone collagen peptide, the bioinformatics method was applied to efficiently analyze and predict its inhibitory activities on angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), and the predicted results were verified through in vitro experiments.The 60 new peptides with potential biological activity were screened by bioinformatics analysis, and their potential inhibitory activities against ACE and DPP-IV were predicted.The molecular docking visualization results showed that the peptides could bind to the active site of the enzymes through hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction and thereby inhibit these two enzymes.In vitro experiments showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of bovine bone collagen peptide for ACE and DPP-IV was 3.48 mg/mL and 19.94 mg/mL respectively, indicating stronger inhibitory activity against ACE.Such experimental results were consistent with the bioinformatic predictions.This study demonstrated that bovine bone collagen peptide has efficient ACE and DPP-IV inhibitory activities as predicted and validated by bioinformatics methods and provided scientific guidance for applying bioinformatics to predict the functions of bovine collagen peptide.
  • WANG Haiying, CHEN Zhifang, ZHU Tiantian, SUN Jingjing, WANG Wei, HAO Jianhua
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 174-184. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040941
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    Alginate oligosaccharides with low molecular weight can be prepared by alginate lyase to overcome its disadvantage of low bioavailability and are widely used in medical, food, and cosmetics industries.AlgL3199, a gene-producing alginate lyase, was cloned from Vibrio sp.L2 genome, recombinant plasmid pET-24a (+)/AlgL3199 was constructed, and it was heterologously expressed.The enzymatic properties and degradation products of recombinant AlgL3199 were studied after purified with His TrapTM HP column affinity chromatography.The optimum temperature was 40 ℃, and the activity was retained more than 80% when it was kept at 10-35 ℃ for 1 h.The optimum pH value was 10, and above 70% activity could be retained after incubation for 12 h in a pH 8-10 buffer.Cu2+、Mn2+、Co2+ in 1 mmol/L could promote the activity of AlgL3199, while SDS and EDTA could inhibit its activity completely.AlgL3199 was most active with 1.125 mol/L NaCl.The thin layer chromatography showed the main products of PolyM, PolyG, and sodium alginate hydrolyzed by AlgL3199 were disaccharides, trisaccharides, and tetrasaccharide, suggesting AlgL3199 was a bifunctional endocytic enzyme with G preference.Study showed that AlgL3199 had been successfully expressed in E.coli and was stable at low temperature and weak alkalinity.It might be a new tool enzyme and an interesting candidate for the alginate industry and biotechnological applications.
  • WU Hongying, HUANG Qianqian, QIN Xiaoming, CAO Wenhong, LIN Haisheng
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 185-192. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041110
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    Screening of immunoactive peptides from oyster extracts was conducted using molecular docking technology, followed by in vitro experiments to assess their immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties.The results of molecular docking indicated that peptides LLQLGSGR (OP1) and DNSIAMESMK (OP2) exhibited strong binding affinities to Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4, with binding energies of -7.7, -6.1 kcal/mol, and -6.3, -4.1 kcal/mol, respectively.The experiments in vitro with RAW264.7 cells showed that OP1, at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, significantly increased NO production (P<0.05) and enhanced cell proliferation, inflammatory cytokine secretion, and phagocytic activity at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, achieving a phagocytic index of 1.45±0.04 (P<0.001).OP2, at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, notably boosted TNF-α secretion (P<0.01), further demonstrating its immunomodulatory effects.In antioxidant assays, OP1 and OP2 exhibited DPPH radical scavenging rates of 49.10% and 56.32%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL, alongside hydroxyl radical scavenging rates of 37.82% and 41.46%.Both peptides also displayed significant superoxide anion scavenging activity, underscoring their robust antioxidant properties.In conclusion, OP1 and OP2 demonstrated substantial immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities, offering a promising foundation for the development of natural immunomodulators and functional foods.
  • TANG Huihua, LI Xinyi, LIU Biqin, TANG Rong, CHEN Junfei, ZHU Yijin, HU Yongjin, LI Hong, SHI Qiao
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 193-199. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040805
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    The effects of acidification via Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P4 or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) and dextran (DX) supplementation on the physicochemical properties, rheology and interaction forces of faba bean protein isolate (FPI) gels were studied.The results showed that the acidification time of GDL acidification induced (FPI+GDL) gel was lower than that of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) induced (FPI+LAB) gel when the acidification end point pH was 5.0.Despite the different rates of acidification, there was no significant difference in G′ and G″ measured at the gel acidification endpoint.Compared with FPI+GDL gel, FPI+LAB gel had lower gel strength (0.65±0.06) N and higher water-holding capacity (47.37±1.60)%.The chemical interaction results showed that FPI+GDL gel was dominated by hydrogen bonding, while FPI+LAB gel was dominated by disulfide bonding and hydrophobic interactions.The addition of DX significantly increased the water-holding properties of FPI gels induced by both acidification methods;decreased the viscoelasticity and strength of FPI+GDL gel, but enhanced those of FPI+LAB gel, which was consistent with the changes in the chemical forces of the gels after DX addition.Overall, both the acidification method and the addition of DX affected the textural and rheological properties of FPI gels, providing guidance for expanding the customized applications of plant protein gels.
  • ZHOU Zhiyi, ZHOU Jianzhong, ZHANG Tao, ZHANG Ting, WANG Yinuo, YU Junfei, SUO Xiaohong, LIU Zongyang, MA Jie
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 200-207. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041172
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    To investigate the impact of extraction methods on the structure and functional properties of almond protein and to expand its applications in the field of food processing, defatted almond powder was used as raw material.Almond protein was extracted using four methods, including alkali extraction and acid precipitation, salting out, enzymatic extraction, and alcohol precipitation.The structure and functional properties of the extracted almond protein were then compared.Results indicated that the salting-out method yielded the highest purity of almond protein (80.60%), while the alcohol precipitation method achieved the highest extraction yield (67.55%) but the lowest purity (56.17%).SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed that, except for enzymatically extracted protein, the subunits and secondary structure of other almond proteins showed no significant changes.The almond proteins extracted via the enzymatic and salting-out methods exhibited better processing characteristics.Specifically, enzymatically extracted protein had the highest solubility (66.91%) and solution stability, while protein extracted through the salting-out method demonstrated good thermal stability and emulsification (32.06 m2/g).In contrast, the apparent viscosity of the protein solutions extracted by alcohol precipitation and alkali extraction was relatively higher.The study indicates that there are significant differences in the structure and functional properties of almond protein depending on the extraction method used.This research provides a scientific basis for the selection of almond protein as a raw material in food processing.
  • XU Meiwen, LUO Liangkang, YANG Chi, LI Jiashu, XIA Yongjun, AI Lianzhong, ZHANG Hui
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 208-216. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042780
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    To investigate the pattern of ultrasonic degradation of purified PGP, the effects of ultrasonic duration, polysaccharide concentration, and amplitude on degradation were systematically studied, with weight-average molecular weight (Mw) as the dependent variable.The degradation kinetics and structural changes of PGP were further analyzed.The results indicated that at a concentration of 5 mg/mL and 30% amplitude, the Mw of PGP decreased rapidly initially, followed by a gradual decline over time.Lower concentrations (5 mg/mL) favored early-stage degradation, whereas higher concentrations (10 mg/mL) showed superior degradation efficiency after 10 min.Additionally, the larger the amplitude, the better the degradation of PGP.Kinetic analysis revealed that PGP degradation followed a second-order kinetic model:1/Mt-1/M0=kt.The degradation rate initially increased and then decreased with increasing concentration, peaking at 5.317×10-5 [1/(kDa·min)] for a concentration of 10 mg/mL.The degradation rate increased sharply at 10%-30% amplitude but plateaued beyond 30%, confirming 30% amplitude as the threshold for high-efficiency degradation.Six degraded fractions (UP1-UP30) were prepared under 10 mg/mL concentration and 30% amplitude at varying ultrasonic durations (1-30 min).Structural characterization through molecular parameters, solution conformation, and monosaccharide composition demonstrated that ultrasonication cleaved the backbone of PGP, narrowed the molecular weight distribution, and induced conformational transition from spherical to random coil.This study revealed the degradation kinetic mechanism of purified PGP in relation to ultrasonic time, concentration, and amplitude.It demonstrated that ultrasonic degradation could effectively break the main chain of PGP, optimized its molecular weight distribution, and altered its solution conformation.These findings provided a theoretical basis for expanding the application of PGP in food, medicine, and other fields.
  • WU Qiong, FAN Xiaofen, QIAN Jing, WANG Liqiang
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 217-225. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042533
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    To solve the problems of thymol's volatility, strong odor, and restricted application in food packaging, this study prepared microcapsules with thymol as the core and β-cyclodextrin as the wall material using a saturated aqueous solution method.Based on single-factor experiments, the optimal preparation parameters were confirmed through response surface methodology.Results revealed that the optimal conditions were an embedding temperature of 59 ℃, embedding time of 2.8 h, and wall-core ratio of 12, achieving an encapsulation efficiency of 81.73%.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses confirmed successful encapsulation, revealing a compact structure with multilayered lamellar morphology.Thermal analysis indicated that the microcapsules exhibited a maximum decomposition temperature 156.91 ℃ higher than that of thymol.Additionally, the microcapsules showed good sustained release characteristics at 4 ℃ and 25 ℃, and the release rates reached 46.51% and 55.27% on the 20th day, respectively.Furthermore, the microcapsules exhibited 81.61% antioxidant activity at concentration of 10 mg/mL and potent antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.This study provides key insights for expanding thymol's applications in food packaging.
  • LUO Pengxin, DIAO Xinrui, LI Meng, ZHAO Liangzhong, ZHOU Xiaohu, ZHOU Xiaojie, ZHANG Yizhen, XIE Xin, CHEN Yulian
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 226-232. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042482
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    To explore the effects of different coagulants on the quality of coated tofu and its in vitro simulated digestion characteristics, the coated tofu (MCB, CSB, and DQB) was prepared with MgCl2, CaSO4, and soybean whey fermentation broth as coagulants.The sensory quality and in vitro digestion performance were compared and analyzed from several aspects, including pulping rate, sensory score, water content, protein content, water holding capacity, protein digestibility, free amino acid content, and SDS-PAGE.The results showed that the pulping rate, sensory score, and protein content of DQB were significantly higher than those of MCB and CSB (P<0.05).Additionally, the textural characteristics of both DQB and MCB were significantly better than those of CSB.Furthermore, the flavor and texture characteristics of the coated tofu varied significantly depending on the coagulants used.The in vitro digestion experiments revealed no significant difference in the digestibility among the three groups of samples.However, RDQB exhibited the highest digestibility and released the most free amino acids during the gastrointestinal digestion stage.SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the protein degradation rate during the gastric digestion stage followed the order RCSB>RMCB>RDQB.Moreover, the grayscale value of the RDQB band was the lowest in the gastrointestinal digestion stage, indicating fewer macromolecule residues and the fastest degradation rate.Based on the comprehensive analysis, the soybean whey fermentation broth is an ideal coagulant for the production of coated tofu.
  • CAO Ziming, WANG Wenliang, JIA Weiliang, XIE Xia, ZHANG Jian, GONG Zhiqing, SONG Shasha, SHI Junyan, JIA Chengli, WANG Yansheng
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 233-240. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040776
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    To investigate the effects of chlorine dioxide (ClO2) on the storage quality of young ginger (Zingiber officinale), this study utilized a ClO2 slow-release agent developed in previous research.Young ginger samples were treated and stored at 15 ℃, with regular measurements of color, weight loss rate, and relative electrical conductivity.Additionally, non-targeted metabolomics was employed to analyze the metabolites involved.Results demonstrated that ClO2 significantly delayed increases in weight loss rate, relative electrical conductivity, and browning index, and reduced the decline in whiteness index (P<0.05).Untargeted metabolomics analysis identified 875 metabolites associated with quality attributes such as color and texture in young ginger.The study found that ClO2 treatment stabilized cell membrane structures by modulating the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids, including glycerophosphocholine, arachidonic acid, and arachidonoyl ethanolamide, thereby reducing material consumption and water loss.Additionally, ClO2 increased the levels of phenolic compounds such as santonin, epicatechin, and pinocembrin, which helped alleviate membrane lipid peroxidation and inhibit browning.These findings indicate that ClO2 treatment effectively preserves the postharvest quality and nutritional value of young ginger, extending its shelf life.The study provides a theoretical basis for the development of postharvest preservation technologies for young ginger and promotes the application of chlorine dioxide in the preservation of fruits and vegetables.
  • ZHAO Wantong, HE Zhe, LIU Jing, YANG Jian, WANG Hongling, YANG Yuhong, CHEN Hongman
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 241-247. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041202
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    Morchella is a homologous fungus with high nutritional and medicinal value, but there are few studies on the different metabolites of different varieties of Morchella.To compare the differences of triterpenoid metabolites in the fruiting bodies of different varieties of Morchella, UPLC-MS/MS was used to conduct targeted metabolomics analysis of triterpenoids of Morchella sextelata and Morchella importuna and to compare their antioxidant activities.Metabolomic analysis showed that a total of 16 triterpenoid metabolites were detected, among which 8 different triterpenoid metabolites were screened.The contents of hawthoronic acid, corosolic acid, betulinol, and oleanolic acid-3-O-glucoside were relatively higher in M. sextelata, and the contents of 2α,19α-dihydroxyursolic acid, betulinic acid, 11-ketoursolic acid, and 27, 28-dicarboxyursolic acid were relatively higher in M. importuna.Antioxidant activity results showed that the antioxidant activity of M. sextelata was better than that of M. importuna, and the EC50 value of DPPH free radicals were 0.259 mg/mL and 0.396 mg/mL, respectively.The EC50 of superoxide anion free radical was 0.495 mg/mL and 0.895 mg/mL.The EC50 of hydroxyl radical was 0.896 mg/mL and 1.263 mg/mL The total reducing power was 0.86 and 0.81, respectively.The results of this study provide important theoretical reference for the breeding of Morchella and the application of active ingredients in the research and development of new drugs.
  • SI Xuechen, XUE Hanling, NIU Tingting
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 248-256. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042287
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    To optimize the internal flow uniformity of the Zanthoxylum bungeanum drying chamber and enhance drying quality, this study established a numerical model for heat and mass transfer in Z.bungeanum porous media based on local thermal equilibrium theory.The model was validated through experiments conducted using an air source heat pump drying oven.A comprehensive evaluation index, including temperature non-uniformity coefficient, velocity uniformity coefficient, and moisture non-uniformity coefficient, was used to analyze the temperature field, velocity field, and water content distribution characteristics across different numbers of air supply outlets (Case 1-Case 5:1, 2, 4, 8, 16).The optimal number of air outlets under dry conditions was determined.Results showed that when the moisture content of each layer decreased to 11%, it took 435 min, consistent with experimental results, with an error range of 0.1%-11%.The simulated material temperature at each measuring point at 15 min had an error of 0.1%-3.77% compared to actual measurements, verifying the reliability of the simulation.Under different tuyere numbers, Case 3 exhibited the lowest temperature inhomogeneity coefficient and best uniformity.In Case 5, although the velocity inhomogeneity coefficient was the smallest, the wind speed of the flow field was only about 0.3 m/s.Moreover, the moisture content of Case 4 and Case 5 was significantly higher than that of Case 3, being 39% and 75% higher after 2 h of drying, respectively.Considering all factors, when the number of air supply outlets is 4, the temperature field and relative humidity field inside the box achieve the best uniformity and highest energy utilization efficiency.
  • WANG Anna, CUI Qihan, WU Ligen
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 257-266. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041200
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    This study took the pork jerky prepared by 3D printing as the research object, and investigated the differences in physicochemical indexes, protein oxidation indexes, lipid hydrolysis and oxidation indexes, and flavor substances at different storage temperatures (25, 35, 45 and 55 ℃) and different storage times (0, 3, 6, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37, 44 days).Results showed that with the prolongation of storage time and the increase of storage temperature, the moisture content, water activity, pH, L*, a*, and b* showed a decreasing trend (P<0.05), the carbonyl content, acid value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances showed an increasing trend (P<0.05), the free sulfhydryl group content showed a decreasing and then an increasing trend in the storage condition at 55 ℃, and the relative fluorescent intensity of di-tyrosine showed an increasing and then a decreasing and then an increasing trend.When stored at 45 ℃ for 30 days and 55 ℃ for 23 days, the acid value was 4.13 and 4.25 mg/g respectively, which exceeded the safety standard and the relative fluorescence intensity of di-tyrosine at the end of storage was 171%, 173%, 203%, and 344% of that at 0 day of storage, respectively.A total of 233 volatile flavor compounds were detected by head space-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, among which there were 19 key volatile flavor compounds, Heterocyclic compounds were generated more in high-temperature samples at the late stage of storage, which had a greater impact on product quality.3D printing of pork jerky storage temperature should be lower than 35 ℃, this condition of the product oxidation, water loss and other slow speed, more conducive to product quality maintenance.The results of this paper provide a valuable reference for the storage conditions and quality control of pork jerky products prepared by 3D printing.
  • QI Yue, YANG Lanxin, ZHANG Xinyu, HUANG Jiang, FAN Rui, LUO Jianfeng, ZUO Yuhan, XIANG Yuzhu, LI Cheng
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 267-274. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041020
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    To investigate the effects of Tibetan tea extract (TTE) at concentrations ranging from 0.00% to 3.00% on myofibrillar proteins (MPs) in pork, TTE was incorporated into MPs to form composite gels.The gelling properties and protein conformation changes were analyzed through water-holding capacity, gel strength, rheological measurements, SDS-PAGE, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, and microstructural examination.Results indicated that the addition of TTE significantly enhanced the water-holding capacity and gel strength of MPs, with these improvements correlating positively with TTE concentration.The turbidity and particle size of the gels increased with TTE addition, suggesting that TTE facilitated MP aggregation and cross-linking.Rheological analysis showed that TTE significantly increased the storage modulus and loss modulus of MPs, enhancing the elasticity and viscosity of the gel.Furthermore, SDS-PAGE, and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed that TTE influenced MP conformation, contributing to improved gel characteristics.In conclusion, the integration of TTE with MPs can lead to a more stable and dense three-dimensional network structure in gels, thereby enhancing the overall gel properties.
  • SUI Heqi, ZENG Xiaoling, PAN Lina, WANG Jiaqi, LI Wei, LI Jing, WU Yue
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 275-285. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041271
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    To investigate the effects of cow and goat milk powders on lactose intolerance, this study initially induced lactose intolerance in Wistar rat pups by feeding them high-lactose diets to suppress lactase activity and induce diarrhea, thereby establishing a lactose intolerance model.Subsequently, the differential impact of ingesting cow and goat milk powders on lactose intolerance was evaluated.The results showed that 67% (mass fraction) high-lactose diet rat pups exhibited persistent diarrhea and significantly suppressed serum and jejunal lactase (Lac) activity (P<0.05).Furthermore, compared to day 3, by day 7, the goat milk powder group showed a significant increase in serum Lac activity by 65.17%, a decrease in diamine oxidase (DAO) content by 26.38%, an increase in motilin (MTL) by 32.77%, and an increase in somatostatin (SS) by 74.53%, with notably the least gastrointestinal edema and inflammatory infiltration in this group;whereas, the cow milk powder group experienced a decrease in Lac activity by 14.87%, a decrease in DAO by 22.08%, an increase in MTL by 24.58%, and a decrease in SS by 35.06%, with more gastrointestinal edema and inflammation compared to the goat milk group.Correlation analysis indicated a highly significant positive correlation between serum lactase activity and both MTL and SS values (P<0.001), and a negative correlation with DAO values.Overall, goat milk powder was relatively more effective in enhancing lactase activity, improving gastrointestinal motility, and accelerating the body's adaptation to alleviate lactose intolerance reactions.
  • ZHANG Dijun, WU Gang, HU Changying, QIU Kai, ZHANG Xiaojuan, DONG Siyuan
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 286-292. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.040989
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    The study investigated the impact of different sterilization strengths on the quality of canned tuna by measuring various quality indicators.Correlation analysis selected key technical parameters, and a comprehensive quality evaluation model for canned tuna was constructed.The results indicated that different sterilization strengths significantly affected the quality of canned tuna.As the sterilization strength increased, the L* and a* values, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and malondialdehyde content gradually increased.In contrast, the b* value, fat content, protein content, and sensory scores showed a reverse trend.The pH and fatty acid content showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and significant changes were also observed in the amino acid content.The sensory evaluation results showed that excessively high sterilization strength led to the loss of the desired flavor in canned tuna, and the quality of canned tuna can be maintained to a large extent in the range of sterilization intensity of 4.35-11.79 min.The L* value, a* value, b* value, fat content, and TVB-N value were identified as core indicators for the quality evaluation of canned tuna.The constructed comprehensive quality evaluation model for canned tuna was y=0.925×L*-0.084×a*+39.334×b*+2.200×fat content+1.453×TVB-N-0.718×sterilization strength-487.93 (y is the sensory score predicted score), with an R2 value of 0.997.
  • WANG Yuhui, XUAN Haohao, ZHENG Xueling, SHANG Jiaying, LI Yanlong, WANG Bin, HAO Hanzhang
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 293-302. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041102
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    This paper studied the effects of germination on wheat grain characteristics, flour quality, dough rheological characteristics, fermentation characteristics, and steamed bread and bread quality.Results indicated that with increasing germination, the bulk density and 1 000-grain weight of wheat grains decreased, along with a greater degradation of starch within the endosperm.Both the whiteness and starch content in flour markedly diminished, while the damaged starch content markedly increased.There was a significant reduction in paste viscosity, breakdown, and setback values.Both the stability time and farinograph quality number trended downward, while the degree of softening trended upward.Both stretching energy and maximum resistance decreased, and extensibility showed an upward trend.In the experiment of making fermented flour products, compared with non-germinated wheat.The maximum dough height and total gas volume in the fermentation rheological properties showed an increasing trend, while the gas holding capacity showed a decreasing trend.The quality of steamed bread made from samples with falling numbers of 166 s and 179 s was relatively good, while the quality of bread made from samples with falling numbers of 137 s and 146 s was relatively good.This suggests that in the practical application of pre-harvest sprouted wheat, due to variety differences, the germination degree (falling number) cannot be the sole criterion for determining whether wheat grains are suitable as raw materials for flour products.The intrinsic properties of its components and actual processing quality of flour products should also be fully considered.
  • TIAN Xiayu, ZHANG Nan, CHENG Yudou, WANG Yongxia, GUAN Junfeng
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 303-312. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041019
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    Pear pomace is a by-product obtained during pear processing.The study evaluated the nutrient composition and antioxidant activity of six different pear pomaces from ‘Yali', ‘Huangguan', ‘Xuehua', ‘Akizuki', ‘Yuluxiang', and ‘Anli'.Additionally, a comprehensive analysis was conducted using principal component analysis.The results showed that the contents of fat, protein, and total dietary fiber were 0.36-1.44, 1.67-4.22, and 50.97-68.2 g/100 g, respectively.Among them, ‘Yali' and ‘Huangguan' pear pomace exhibited high-fat content, ‘Akizuki' and ‘Huangguan' pear pomace exhibited high-protein content, and ‘Anli' pear pomace exhibited the highest dietary fiber content.The average content of total amino acids in pear pomace was 1.64 g/100 g, with essential amino acids accounting for 32.6%-36.3% of total amino acids, which was close to the FAO/WHO model protein.‘Akizuki' pear pomace exhibited the highest total soluble sugar content (351.96 mg/g) among six pear pomaces.The highest organic acids content was observed in ‘Huangguan' pear pomace (6.54 mg/g).‘Anli', ‘Yuluxiang', and ‘Huangguan' pear pomaces exhibited high levels of total phenol and total flavonoid content, which was consistent with the high DPPH radical scavenging and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.The mineral element analysis showed that pear pomace conformed to a high K (average 7 466.72 mg/kg) and low Na (average 24.46 mg/kg) profile.Comprehensive analysis of pear pomace quality followed the sequence:‘Huangguan' > ‘Akizuki' > ‘Yuluxiang' > ‘Yali' > ‘Xuehua' > ‘Anli'.The nutrient composition varied among different pear cultivars, with relatively high levels of most nutrients observed in the ‘Huangguan' pear pomace.These results suggest that the pear pomace contains various nutrients, providing a theoretical basis for its further application and development.
  • CHEN Fajun, MING Hongmei, ZHENG Jia, WEI Jinping, LUO Zhu, SU Jian, LI Yajun, MA Hao
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 313-320. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041404
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    Three pre-treatment methods, including direct injection, liquid-liquid extraction, and headspace solid-phase microextraction, were used in combination with GC-MS to study multi-grain Nongxiangxing Baijiu in three grades, including Teji, Youji, and Yiji raw liquor. Results showed that there were 107, 99, and 105 compounds, and 90 common compounds, respectively, in the three types of raw liquor. Through orthogonal partial least squares analysis and variance analysis, combined with the odor activity value, 14 key differential compounds were selected from 90 common compounds, including ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl valerate, 3-methylbutanoate ethyl ester, ethyl butyrate, butyl hexanoate, valeric acid, butyric acid, hexyl hexanoate, hexanoic acid, isoamyl hexanoate, propyl hexanoate, ethyl heptanoate, and ethyl nonanoate. It was worth noting that five compounds were particularly influential: ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl valerate, 3-methylbutanoate ethyl ester, and ethyl butyrate, which could be preliminarily identified as important flavor components contributing to grade differences. Because in each grade of raw liquor, their odor activity values exceed 1 000, and higher odor activity values are displayed in both Teji and Youji raw liquor, while lower values were observed in Yiji raw liquor.
  • HAN Rong, NIU Xiaotong, WANG Ying, MENG Xintao, XU Mingqiang, ZHANG Jian, ZHANG Ting, MA Yan
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 321-331. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041270
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    To investigate the quality differences and processing suitability of major walnut kernel varieties in Xinjiang, high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection, gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy were used to quantitatively analyze the physicochemical, nutrient and volatile compounds of different varieties of walnut kernels.Results showed that the quality of different walnut kernel varieties differed significantly.The crude fat (63.9 g/100 g) and total dietary fiber (34.10 g/100 g) contents of ‘Wen 185' walnut kernels were the highest, which were suitable for processing functional fats and oils or products high in dietary fiber, the protein (18.78 g/100 g) of ‘Wen 81' walnut kernels were the highest, which was suitable for processing walnut kernel protein products.‘XinXin2' walnut kernels showed overall better apparent quality, which was suitable for fresh or processing ready-to-eat recreational products.‘XinZhaoFeng' walnut kernels had the highest total phenol (0.25 g/100 g) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (2 311.62 μmol Trolox/mL) were the highest, and the total flavonoid content (0.55 g/100 g) and ABTS cationic radical scavenging rate (78.77%) of ‘Xincui Feng' walnut kernel were the highest, which could be processed as eaten fresh or processed for nutritional functionality.45 kinds of volatile substances were identified in the six non-varieties of walnut kernels, among which ‘Zha 343' walnut kernels had a higher content of volatile substances, which was suitable for use as a flavor food processing auxiliary material.The ‘Zha 343' walnut kernel had the highest composite score (1.623), which was suitable for the comprehensive development of fresh food or whole-nutrition products.The study provides a certain theoretical reference basis for giving full play to the resource advantages of walnut varieties in Xinjiang, establishing a high-quality nutritional component and processing suitability evaluation system for different walnut kernels in Xinjiang, clarifying the precise positioning of processed products, and enhancing the utilization value of walnut products.
  • LIANG Minhui, YE Yinghui, SHI Pengfei, XU Mingxuan, ZHANG Xiaomin, LIU Xueyuan, LIU Zhongwei, LIU Yujie, WANG Sicheng, WANG Yumeng, LIU Hanxia
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 332-339. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.042499
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    To achieve a rapid and accurate determination of six phospholipid compounds in infant formula milk powder, this study established an analytical method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).Samples were dissolved in water and subjected to ultrasonic extraction with dichloromethane-methanol (2∶1, volume ratio).Chromatic separation was achieved using gradient elution with 20 mmol/L ammonium formate aqueous solution and acetonitrile-isopropanol (1∶1, volume ratio) as mobile phases.Detection was carried out via electrospray ionization in positive and negative switching modes coupled with multiple reaction monitoring, and quantification was achieved using an external standard method.Results demonstrated excellent linear relationships (r>0.999) over a concentration range of 0.5-10 μg/mL for all six phospholipids.Spiking infant formula samples yielded recoveries ranging from 86% to 107% with relative standard deviations of 1.4%-9.0%.The detection limits and quantification limits for phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine were 2.0 mg/100 g and 6.0 mg/100 g, respectively, and 10 mg/100 g and 30 mg/100 g for phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin, respectively.Analysis of 12 commercial samples revealed total phospholipid contents ranging from 80.7 mg/100 g to 566 mg/100 g, with PS constituting the highest proportion (30.4%-69.9%).Notably, raw material differences significantly affected the phospholipid concentrations.This highly sensitive, reproducible, and accurate method provides robust technical support for product formulation, quality control, and regulatory supervision of phospholipids in infant formula milk powder.
  • LIU Jialin, EN Hezhebu, REN Lu, HUANG Huan, SUN Jianping, GUO Jiliang, BAI Lu, SUN Wenxiu
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 340-347. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041329
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    Hand-steamed mutton is a signature dish in Mongolian cuisine, and developing a pre-prepared version is of significant importance to meet the diverse dietary needs of consumers.This study employed an orthogonal experiment to optimize the processing technology for pre-prepared hand-steamed mutton.Through physicochemical experimentation, the quality characteristics were analyzed, while an electronic tongue and GC-MS were utilized to conduct a comparative analysis of the various flavor profiles of the pre-prepared dish.The results indicated that the optimal processing parameters included a spice addition of 5%, a cooking time of 50 min, and a salt addition of 3%.The optimized pre-prepared hand-steamed mutton exhibited a brighter color compared to traditional variants.The results of electronic tongue and GC-MS revealed a significant reduction in branched-chain fatty acids such as 4-methyl octanoic acid and 4-methyl nonanoic acid, as well as aldehydes like hexanal, nonanal, and heptanal, leading to a diminished gamy flavor.Conversely, the content of olefin compounds, including laurylene, geraniol, and D-limonene, were significantly elevated, imparting a mild and refreshing herbal aroma to the pre-prepared hand-steamed mutton.This research provides a theoretical framework and data support for the development of pre-prepared hand-steamed mutton dishes.
  • PENG Shuli, LI Ranyang, HE Rongrong, ZHU Haiyan
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 348-356. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041547
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    Intestinal flora is a crucial component of the human microecosystem, and its balanced state has a significant impact on physiological functions such as nutrient absorption, energy supply, and immune regulation.Imbalance in intestinal flora is closely associated with the occurrence and development of various diseases including metabolic syndrome, non-inflammatory colopathy, and diabetes.Studies have demonstrated that the consumption of dark tea can stimulate the formation of beneficial microbial flora in the intestines, enhance microbial diversity, and exert a substantial regulatory effect on both microbial diversity and balance within the intestines.This aids in maintaining an equilibrium in intestinal microbial structure.This paper reviews research progress regarding dark tea as well as its primary active components including tea polyphenols, theabrownins, and tea polysaccharides.It explores their metabolic promotion, nutritional provision, protection, and immune regulation within intestinal flora in humans.Additionally discussed are their health effects and inherent regulatory mechanisms concerning lipid metabolism, intestinal immunity, intestinal inflammation diarrhea, and aging.
  • CHENG Kun, MU Shuaicheng, LIU Rui, TANG Tengfei, LIU Hongqiang, SUN Sijia, YAO Su
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 357-365. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041365
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    Bacteria are extensively utilized in food and feed and the production of their additives, either being directly added or serving as the production strains of fermented products such as enzyme preparations and amino acids.The issue of bacterial antibiotic resistance has emerged as a focal point of attention both domestically and internationally, and it constitutes a core aspect of the safety evaluation of food and feed cultures.The advent of next-generation sequencing technology has provided a potent tool for the gene safety evaluation of bacteria.The latest research progress in the safety evaluation of antibiotic resistance genes in food and feed bacteria was reviewed from the aspects of antibiotics, resistance mechanisms and antibiotic resistance gene analysis strategies in the context of whole genome sequencing, aiming to provide a scientific basis and reference for the establishment of a safety evaluation system for industrial microbial strains in China.
  • ZHANG Ying, TONG Tao
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 366-373. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.043151
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    Yak qula is a traditional fermented dairy product with a long history and unique flavor.The complex microbial community formed during the fermentation process of yak qula gives it rich nutritional value and potential health benefits.The present study systematically reviews the fermentation production process, microbial composition of yak qula, and its probiotic health benefits.In recent years, significant progress has been made on the functional characterization of probiotics in yak qula.The results of existing studies indicate that the probiotics in yak qula have a variety of health benefits, such as bacteriostasis, improvement of intestinal inflammation, antioxidant, and anti-aging.This review will provide a valuable reference for future research on probiotics in yak qula, particularly offering a theoretical foundation for exploring the relationship between yak qula and host health.
  • XIA Ling, CHEN Xiaolan, WANG Zichao, WANG Huichun, ZHANG Wenjian
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 374-383. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041195
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    Acylated anthocyanins are a subclass of anthocyanins characterized by the presence of an acyl group, which is formed through ester bonds linking organic acids to the sugar moieties of anthocyanins.The process of acylation enhances the stability and influences the functional properties of these compounds.This study provides a comprehensive overview on the structure and stability of acylated chrysoberyls, while also examining various factors that impact their behavior.Furthermore, it discusses the effects of acylated anthocyanins on diabetes mellitus from multiple perspectives including inhibition of digestive enzymes, modulation of glucose transporter messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) expression, antioxidant protection for digestive organs such as pancreas and liver, as well as gene modulation in hepatocytes and tissues.These findings serve as a valuable reference for further research on acylated anthocyanins and development of strategies to alleviate diabetes.
  • WU Yixuan, GAO Ran, ZHOU Xiaoxuan, HAO Jianxiong, ZHAO Dandan
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 384-391. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041235
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    Pectin is an important component of fruits and vegetables cell wall, which can maintain the morphological structure and hardness of cells to ensure the integrity of cell wall structure.The change of pectin is closely related to the texture of fruits and vegetables.Pectin degrades under the action of modifying enzymes of cell wall, which leads to the softening of fruits.In this paper, the properties and structure of cell wall pectin, as well as the changes of pectin during postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables were reviewed, and the effects of different storage methods and drying processes on the changes of pectin were summarized, which provided a reference for the study of physicochemical and structural characteristics of pectin during storage and drying.
  • AI Yeru, WANG Huali, HAN Jin, HAN Saiying, DENG Lili
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 392-400. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041196
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    Citrus is one of the most extensively cultivated and economically significant fruit crops.The color of citrus peel serves as an indicator of ripeness, influencing both consumer preferences and commercial value.The coloration of citrus peel is determined by internal factors such as citrus genetic background, developmental stage, and tissue structure, along with environmental factors like storage temperature and light.In addition, changes in endogenous phytohormones and exogenous phytohormone treatment play a critical role in the coloration of citrus fruits.Notably, phytohormones like ethylene, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, and auxin are crucial in enhancing citrus peel coloration, while gibberellin typically acts as a suppressor.The coloration of citrus peel is influenced by the regulation of genes related to phytohormone metabolism and signal transduction by theses phytohormones.This process restores the balance of endogenous phytohormones, thereby regulating genes involved in the pathways of chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism.Transcription factors are essential for regulating not only chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism but also phytohormone metabolism and signal transduction.Furthermore, phytohormones influence coloration by regulating the functions of these transcription factors.This review consulted relevant domestic and international research, summarized recent advancements in the understanding of the regulation of citrus peel color by phytohormones, and offers a reference for future studies.
  • ZHAO Qiuyan, CHEN Yichao, WANG Tianlin, MA Yan, HUANG Xianqing, ZHAO Jiansheng, SONG Lianjun, LI Tiange
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 401-408. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041008
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    Pea protein has the advantages of low price, rich in amino acids, and low allergenicity, making it one of the preferred plant proteins to replace animal proteins.The functional and nutritional health deficiencies of pea protein can be improved through modification to enhance the application value of pea protein in the food industry.Enzymatic modification is one of the most widely used and effective modification methods in modified pea protein.The different choices and processing methods of enzyme preparations in enzymatic modification result in complex and diverse outcomes.In this paper, the composition of pea protein is summarized, then the types of enzymatically modified pea protein are summarized, and finally the application of enzymatic modified pea eggs in the food industry is summarized, providing theoretical support for the development of pea protein in food raw materials and processing industry.
  • LIU Minghui, JIANG Ling
    Food and Fermentation Industries. 2025, 51(15): 409-416. https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.041075
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    Cell biology studies the cellular structure, functions and fundamental life processes of organisms.As a fundamental course, cell biology is widely offered in applied disciplines such as biomedical science, food science and engineering, and fermentation engineering.To meet the demand for cultivating innovative professionals in the context of new engineering, the study focus on researching innovative integration in the teaching reforming for cell biology course by combining teaching implementation strategies of cell biology with interdisciplinary practices in applied engineering disciplines such as food science and engineering.In response to the issues of ‘lots of content and difficulty to memorize', ‘boring classroom and poor interaction', ‘emphasis on theory and neglect of practice', ‘lack of cutting-edge information and outdated content', and ‘emphasis on final exams and neglect of the process' in traditional teaching method, a new teaching and reforming model for the cell biology course consisting of five modules was provided, including ‘mind map-based classroom teaching method', ‘multi-media platform-based interactive teaching method', ‘project-oriented innovative practice method', ‘group discussion-based cutting-edge tracking method', and ‘six-dimensional diversified teaching evaluation method'.The teaching reforming model would provide a guidance for the cultivation of interdisciplinary innovative talents.